{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T07:17:19Z","timestamp":1768029439550,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,22]],"date-time":"2004-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1074729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four\u2010year\u2010old twins with low language performance and their co\u2010twins, members of 160\u2003MZ twin pairs, 131 same\u2010sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite\u2010sex DZ pairs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Language impairment in 4\u2010year\u2010olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut\u2010offs below the 15th percentile.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    DeFries\u2013Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite\u2010sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00223.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,22]],"date-time":"2004-01-22T06:36:33Z","timestamp":1074753393000},"page":"315-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Genetic and environmental influence on language impairment in 4\u2010year\u2010old same\u2010sex and opposite\u2010sex twins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Essi","family":"Viding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank M.","family":"Spinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dorothy V.M.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Plomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Handbook of child language","author":"Bates E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3802.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/713755740","article-title":"Cognitive neuropsychology and developmental disorders: Uncomfortable bedfellows","volume":"50","author":"Bishop D.V.M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4201.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.5.749"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","volume":"46","author":"Dale P.S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Outcomes of early language delay: I. 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