{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:55:56Z","timestamp":1780635356506,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,2]],"date-time":"2005-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2009,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary: <\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>: To investigate the clinical, electroen\u2010cephalographic (EEG), and histopathologic effects of subacute electrical stimulation of the hippocampal formation or gyms (SAHCS) on 10 patients with intractable temporal lobe seizures.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: Bilateral, depth, hippocampal or unilateral, subdural, basotemporal electrodes were implanted in all 10 patients for a topographic diagnosis of the site and extent of the epileptic focus before a temporal lobectomy. In all patients, anti\u2010epileptic drugs (AEDs) were discontinued from 48 to 72 h before a program of continuous SAHCS, which was performed for 2\u20133 weeks. Stimulation parameters were biphasic Lilly wave pulses, 130\/s in frequency, 450 \u03bcs in duration, and 200\u2013400 \u03bcA in amplitude. The stimuli were delivered 23 of every 24 h for the 2\u20133\u2013week SAHCS period. The effects of SAHCS on the number of clinical seizures per day and the percentage of interictal EEG spikes per 10\u2013second samples of maximal paroxysmal activity at the epileptic focus were determined daily during the 16 days of SAHCS. At the completion of this program, patients underwent an en bloc temporal lobectomy, and the histopathologic effects of SAHCS on the stimulated tissue were analyzed by means of light\u2010microscopy studies.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: In seven patients whose stimulation electrode contacts were placed within the hippocampal formation or gyrus and who experienced no interruption in the stimulation program, SAHCS abolished clinical seizures and significantly decreased the number of interictal EEG spikes at the focus after 5\u20136 days. The most evident and fast responses were found by stimulating either the anterior pes hippocampus close to the amygdala or the anterior parahippocampal gyrus close to the entorhinal cortex. Other surface, hippocampal, and basotemporal EEG signs predicted and accompanied this antiepileptic response. These included an electropositive DC shift and monomorphic delta activity at the medial hippocampal and parahippocampal regions, and a normalization of the background EEG activity and signs of slow\u2010wave sleep in surface, depth, and subdural regions. In contrast, no evident antiepileptic responses or no responses at all were found in three patients when stimulation was either interrupted or when it was administered outside the hippocampus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Light microscopy analysis of the stimulated hippocampal tissue showed histopathological abnormalities attributable to the depth\u2010electrode penetration damage or to the pial surface reaction to the subdural, Silastic electrode plate. However, no evident histopathological differences were found between the stimulated and nonstimulated hippocampal tissue.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: SAHCS appears to be a safe procedure that can suppress temporal lobe epileptogenesis with no additional damage to the stimulated tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00135.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,3]],"date-time":"2005-08-03T06:37:40Z","timestamp":1123051060000},"page":"158-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["Subacute Electrical Stimulation of the Hippocampus Blocks Intractable Temporal Lobe Seizures and Paroxysmal EEG Activities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"Velasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luisa","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Boleaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiacro","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VelascoF VelascoM Jim\u00e9nezF VelascoAL BritoF RiseM. 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