{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T22:37:16Z","timestamp":1769380636071,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Phycology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasions by nonindigenous macroalgal species (NIMS) potentially cause severe impacts on native species. We conducted a meta\u2010analysis of 18 field\u2010based manipulative experiments to quantify the direction and magnitude of impacts (Hedges effect size<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>, hereafter ES). We found significant small\u2010to\u2010medium negative effects on \u201cmacrophyte abundance\u201d (cover, biomass of native taxa; ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.30) and medium\u2010to\u2010large negative effects on \u201cmacrophyte assemblages\u201d (richness, diversity, total abundance; ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.70). In contrast, ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>were not significant for \u201cmacrophyte processes\u201d (growth, mortality; ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.39), \u201canimal abundance\u201d (densities; ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.13), or \u201canimal assemblages\u201d (richness, diversity; ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u20030.75). The nonsignificant effect sizes were characterized by low sample sizes and should be interpreted with caution. Three study\u2010specific effect sizes were particularly large (&lt;\u22122.0), showing that, in specific cases, impacts can be highly negative. From a conservation perspective, focus could be on such worst\u2010case scenarios. Still, the reported ES<jats:sub>cumulative<\/jats:sub>are likely biased toward larger effects because only the most conspicuous NIMS have been tested and because nonsignificant results are less likely to be published. To better understand the impacts of NIMS, more manipulative experiments are needed, testing more species and under contrasting environmental conditions. Future studies should include procedural control treatments and report the abundance of the NIMS to avoid ambiguous interpretations. In conclusion, current experimental evidence shows that NIMS have, on average, small\u2010to\u2010large negative impacts on native plant species and assemblages. It is possible that these effects can result in severe consequences when accumulated over long time periods and large spatial scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2009.00709.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T17:43:23Z","timestamp":1251308603000},"page":"812-819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["EVIDENCE FOR IMPACTS OF NONINDIGENOUS MACROALGAE: A META\u2010ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDIES<sup>1<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mads S.","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Tuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Silliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0798:EODLHA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/botm.1982.25.6.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps277061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps191301"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-005-0181-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"743","article-title":"How an introduced seaweed can affect epibiota diversity in different coastal systems","volume":"148","author":"Buschmann A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. 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