{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T01:38:32Z","timestamp":1771378712005,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examines the evolution of English speaking proficiency test methods, which have traditionally relied on face\u2010to\u2010face interactions to assess communicative language competence. Recently, computer\u2010based language tests have also been used on a larger scale, albeit with concerns about their impact on measurement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper investigates the potential of the metaverse in the context of Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPI) for evaluating the speaking proficiency of English learners. Specifically, the research centres on the utilisation of one of the recently emerging metaverse platforms (Zepeto) to conduct OPI tests based on the comparison of the results obtained from the traditional face\u2010to\u2010face tests and an online video conferencing platform (Zoom).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 60 EFL young pupils participated in three different speaking tasks via the three modes given in a counter\u2010balanced order. The test scores of the three modes were rated and analysed to examine the degree to which different test modes had an effect on them. A questionnaire with 10 items (plus one sub\u2010question) was used to investigate participants' experiences and perceptions of three speaking assessment modes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that test\u2010takers performed significantly better in the metaverse test mode than in the other two modes, while no significant difference was found between the face\u2010to\u2010face and online video conferencing modes. The sub\u2010scores of speaking test criteria such as task completion, pronunciation, language use and fluency were also analysed for comparison, and similar results were found except for the sub\u2010scores of the language use criteria. Responses to the questionnaire also showed that the metaverse platform was the most helpful and preferred mode.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the findings, this study suggests that the new testing modes incorporated with virtual environments have great potential to be alternatives to traditional testing modes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T09:10:15Z","timestamp":1735290615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Role of the Metaverse in English Speaking Proficiency Tests"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Dongkwang","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Language Education Gwangju National University of Education  Gwangju Metropolitan City Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suh Keong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Education Chinju National University of Education  Jinju Gyeongsangnamdo Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonjun Izac","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education Massey University  Auckland New\u00a0Zealand"}]},{"given":"Yohan","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Language and Literature Jeonbuk National University  Jeonju Jeollabukdo Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540\u20104781.00184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Language Testing in Practice: Designing and Developing Useful Language Tests","author":"Bachman L. F.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504859"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Kinesics and Context","author":"Birdwhistell R. L.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/6.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"British Council. n.d.\u201cIELTS Test Format Explained.\u201dhttps:\/\/takeielts.britishcouncil.org\/take\u2010ielts\/prepare\/test\u2010format."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15434303.2022.2143680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/PR.2006.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/I.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944\u20109720.2003.tb02139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3170-1_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511733116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0346-251X(92)90041-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11114\/jets.v1i2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344012000134"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning Teaching Assessment","author":"Council of Europe","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15702\/mall.2010.13.3.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Learning and Teaching in the Virtual World of Second Life","author":"Deutschmann M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Experience and Education","author":"Dewey J.","year":"1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTEL.2011.042101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20102885.2010.01362.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"705","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities","author":"Fudian F.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2015.5.3.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows Step Bysstep: A Simple Guide and Reference","author":"George D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444807004144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108295.1975.tb01468.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Games in Language Learning: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"18","author":"Godwin\u2010Jones R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Language Learning & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(1998120)12:6<617::AID-ACP542>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095834401200002X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747\u2010022\u201000908\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-594-8.ch001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2008.00900.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026144480999036X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","volume-title":"Testing English for Language Teachers","author":"Hughes A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100082"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"258","article-title":"Developmental Directions of Metaverse\u2010 and AI\u2010Powered English\u2010Speaking Assessments and Future Tasks","volume":"25","author":"Hwang Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimedia\u2010Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010023\u201010238\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104620"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Effect of Social Presence on Speaking Performance in Online Language Learning Context","volume":"17","author":"Kang S. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multimedia\u2010Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0026-7902.00054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2011.649482"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2020.03.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Effective Learning Design of Game\u2010Based 3D Virtual Language Learning Environments for Special Education Students","volume":"21","author":"Lan Y. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","volume-title":"A Qualitative Approach to the Validation of Oral Language Tests","author":"Lazaraton A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"The Use of Virtual Reality to Reduce L2 Speaking Anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Lear C. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of Nagoya University of Foreign Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication Systems","author":"Leathers D. G.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15738\/kjell.19.4.201912.688"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084786"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411325"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0023\u20108333.81997008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069970190205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication","author":"Mehrabian A.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Anonymity in Blended Learning: Who Would You Like to Be?","volume":"14","author":"Miyazoe T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2010031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15434303.2016.1263637"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15434303.2017.1400036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ets2.12240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344017000374"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344017000362"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Development of a Test of Speaking Proficiency in Multiple Languages","volume":"3","author":"Plough I. C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Papers in Language Testing and Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/10748120110424816"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564\u2010016\u20109467\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","unstructured":"Reynolds B. B.2020.\u201cDevelopment and Validation of a Portuguese Elicited Imitation Test.\u201dMaster's thesis Brigham Young University Brigham Young University.https:\/\/scholarsarchive.byu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=9145&context=etd."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","unstructured":"Roach J.2021.\u201cMesh for Microsoft Teams Aims to Make Collaboration in the \u2018Metaverse\u2019 Personal and Fun.\u201dInnovations November 2017.https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/source\/features\/innovation\/mesh\u2010for\u2010microsoft\u2010teams\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/412243"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","volume-title":"English Speaking and Writing Assessment Manual for the National English Ability Test","author":"Shin D.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Using Technology in Language Assessment: Focusing on the Potential and Feasibility of Virtual Reality\u2010Based Language Tests","volume":"27","author":"Shin S.\u2010K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Curriculum and Instruction"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01835-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","volume-title":"Assessment of Advanced Language Proficiency: Why Performance\u2010Based Tasks? (CALPER Professional Development Document 0605)","author":"Shohamy E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344005000522"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796\u2010021\u201010201\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","unstructured":"Teri D.2022.\u201cIELTS: How Has the Pandemic Hit Test Takers.\u201dThe Indian Express March 10 2022.https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/education\/study\u2010abroad\/ielts\u2010how\u2010has\u2010the\u2010pandemic\u2010hit\u2010test\u2010takers\u2010study\u2010abroad\u20107783530\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","volume-title":"The Validation of a Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview (SOPI) Test for a Professional Setting","author":"Vafaee P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","volume-title":"Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes","author":"Vygotsky L. S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","volume-title":"Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: Videoconferencing, Audioconferencing, and Computer\u2010Mediated Communications","author":"Wainfan L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108535.2009.00952.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20104781.1997.tb05514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230514577"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3588001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3259470"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532210364643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1938329"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcal.13108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T14:30:38Z","timestamp":1745591438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcal.13108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcal.13108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.13108","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13108"}}