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The experimental teaching theme focused on AI image recognition and speech recognition, with the experimental group receiving online metaverse instruction and the control group receiving instruction through Google Meet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key findings include the following: the metaverse significantly and positively influenced cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions of learning engagement, but no impact was observed on the behavioural dimension; the metaverse had a substantial impact on the creative performance of AI application design, particularly in the empathy, definition, ideation, and testing stages; and the metaverse significantly affected academic emotions, with increased expressions of anger and sadness observed, particularly during the empathy, definition, and ideation stages of design thinking. Thus, the results of this study provide a pedagogical foundation for the adoption of the metaverse and auxiliary tools in teaching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:05:35Z","timestamp":1747134335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Engagement, Academic Emotions, and Artificial Intelligence Application Creativity in the Metaverse: A Study of Facial Expressions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5594-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Shan","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"AI4K12.2020.\u201cThe Artificial Intelligence (AI) for K\u201012 Initiative (AI4K12) Is Jointly Sponsored by AAAI and CSTA.\u201dhttps:\/\/ai4k12.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1841800"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54489\/ijcim.v3i1.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010023\u201011816\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2018.03.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.2005.50.3.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20106494.00058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3243946"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326934crj1104_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956\u2010020\u201009870\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7755273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359\u2010024\u201001549\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010023\u201012115\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57019\/jmv.1440122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/mor.2022.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09\u2010STS301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-019-00463-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1871631"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmac031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102260"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692\u2010022\u201000228\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031246"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inceoglu M. 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