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Fractions are a suitable topic for investigating the effectiveness of adaptive feedback, as the complexity of this domain highlights the need for adequate feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examines the effectiveness of explanatory adaptive feedback in a digital educational game to address two particular misconceptions regarding fractions (i.e., Natural Number Bias and Unit of Reference).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 197 4th graders were randomly assigned to two different conditions, each playing a different version of a digital educational game: one with corrective feedback and one with explanatory adaptive feedback. During gameplay, we collected log data of students' item\u2010wise correctness and misconception errors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Explanatory item response analyses indicated that correctness improved in both game versions, with a more pronounced increase for the game with explanatory adaptive feedback compared to the game with corrective feedback. However, no decrease in misconception errors was observed in either game version. Moreover, neither the type of misconception nor students' prior fraction knowledge were moderating factors. These results suggest that adaptive feedback can support students in learning fractions; however, to reduce misconception errors concrete feedback should be optimised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T03:01:07Z","timestamp":1756868467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adaptive Feedback in Digital Educational Games: An Explanatory Item Response Theory Approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2839-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Febe","family":"Demedts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Centre for Instructional Psychology and Technology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Imec Research Group Itec KU Leuven  Kortrijk Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh","family":"Said\u2010Metwaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec Research Group Itec KU Leuven  Kortrijk Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Education Damanhour University  Damanhour Egypt"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Kiili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Culture Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ninaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"LEAD Graduate School &amp; Research Network University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}]},{"given":"Antero","family":"Lindstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Culture Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Reynvoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Centre for Instructional Psychology and Technology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Brain &amp; Cognition KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Sasanguie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HOGENT, Research Centre for Learning in Diversity  Gent Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5440-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fien","family":"Depaepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Centre for Instructional Psychology and Technology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Imec Research Group Itec KU Leuven  Kortrijk Belgium"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/136864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/749066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ssm.12271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010023\u201010244\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315582065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3990-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2024.101976"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612460685"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2022.101666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v008.i15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v087.i09"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29195-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11858\u2010015\u20100685\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmathb.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"Hadden S.2020.Strategy Use of Children and Adults on Fraction Number Line Estimation."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling With IBM SPSS","author":"Heck R. 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