{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T15:04:09Z","timestamp":1775833449388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While a substantial number of studies have investigated English\u2010as\u2010a\u2010foreign\u2010language (EFL\/L2 English) anxiety, they predominantly examined it from a unidimensional perspective, overlooking the potential insights offered by examining language\u2010skill\u2010specific L2 anxiety from a multidimensional lens. Moreover, prior research has overlooked the influence of shifts in learning environments on L2 anxiety, particularly the transition from traditional face\u2010to\u2010face classroom instruction to technology\u2010mediated synchronous online language learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Against this background, this study, drawing on the tripartite model of L2 anxiety, examined the differences in EFL college students' self\u2010perceived L2 speaking anxiety across the cognitive, somatic and behavioural dimensions under both traditional classroom\u2010based learning and synchronous online learning conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 153 Chinese EFL learners from two universities voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected using an adapted L2 speaking anxiety scale (22 items). Confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha test were conducted to confirm the construct validity and reliability of the scale. Subsequently, linear mixed\u2010effects modelling (LMM) was performed to examine the influence of fixed (traditional classroom vs. synchronous online learning) and random effects (individual differences) on L2 speaking anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed that learners' L2 speaking anxiety was significantly lower in the synchronous online learning context than in the traditional classroom setting. Specifically, students experienced less cognitive and somatic anxiety when speaking English in the synchronous online learning environment. However, no significant difference was observed in the behavioural dimension of their L2 speaking anxiety across the two learning conditions. Overall, synchronous online learning appears to offer potential benefits in alleviating learners' L2 speaking anxiety. The study concludes with pedagogical implications for teachers in terms of how to design learning environments to effectively mitigate learners' L2 speaking anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T22:23:42Z","timestamp":1757024622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does <scp>L2<\/scp> Speaking Anxiety Differ in Classroom and Synchronous Online Learning Environments? Evidence From <scp>EFL<\/scp> College Students"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peijian Paul","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Classroom\u2010Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition","author":"Bailey K. M.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344021000033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/eujal\u20102020\u20100003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09571736.2018.1484935"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2023.2260429"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2015.5.2.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev\u20102019\u20100021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.3460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev\u20102020\u20100147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2010.486941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125241283151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference","author":"George D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64152\/10125\/44663"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"The Eyes of Hito: A Japanese Cultural Monitor of Behavior in the Communicative Language Classroom","volume":"22","author":"Greer D. L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"JALT Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783091218"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2016.1254889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/dujal.4.1.07jin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0272263117000304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"The Reliability and Validity of a Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale","volume":"5","author":"Kim J. H.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change","author":"Lang P. J.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"A Study on Foreign\u2010Language\u2010Major Students' Emotion of Anxiety in Online Foreign Language Courses During the Pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Liu Z. Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Overseas English"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/flan.12456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674\u20108921.2024.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Foreign Language Anxiety in Online College Spanish: Prevalence and Effects on Oral Proficiency","volume":"29","author":"Moneypenny D. B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Reducing Speaking Anxiety in EFL Classrooms: An Explanatory Mixed\u2010Methods Study","volume":"36","author":"\u00d6lmezer \u00d6zt\u00fcrk E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Porta Linguarum"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speaking Anxiety Among Turkish EFL Learners: The Case at a State University","volume":"10","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2010.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190523000028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5944\/openpraxis.8.1.212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/iallt.v41i1.8486"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0026-7902.00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20101770.1978.tb00309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-657401-2.50009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54691\/fhss.v2i8.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688221093833"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2017.1285790"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299\u2010023\u201000800\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688221102522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10604-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"The Role of L2 Grit in Willingness to Communicate: Mediating Effects of Foreign Language Enjoyment and Anxiety","volume":"46","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Modern Foreign Languages"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103437"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0297517"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033688206071315"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Using Online EFL Interaction to Increase Confidence, Motivation, and Ability","volume":"14","author":"Wu W. C. V.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v5n12p23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344020000154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221094821"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcal.70115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T04:59:07Z","timestamp":1758776347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcal.70115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcal.70115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.70115","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70115"}}