{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:33:34Z","timestamp":1778319214065,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid rise of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is transforming education. At this stage, there is not yet a well\u2010established and tested theoretical framework clarifying which competencies learners must possess to use GenAI effectively and safely. This study draws on three theoretical frameworks: Eshet\u2010Alkalai's Digital Literacy Framework (2012), Long and Magerko's AI Literacy (2020) and DigComp 2.2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aims to explore teachers' perspectives regarding the digital competencies that students need for effective GenAI tool use, as well as the classroom learning activities that facilitate the development and practice of these competencies and how they evolve over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 34 semi\u2010structured interviews at an interval of 6\u20138\u2009months with 17 teachers who had begun utilising a variety of GenAI tools for teaching purposes. This mixed\u2010methods study combines qualitative top\u2010down and bottom\u2010up thematic analysis with quantitative comparisons between the pre and post measurements. Additionally, for data triangulation, a large qualitative sample of 97 GenAI\u2010enhanced learning activities conducted in classrooms was analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings revealed seven key competencies categorised into general digital literacies, emerging technology literacies and GenAI\u2010specific competencies. Three categories of classroom activities that practiced these competencies emerged: proper use of tools, fostering personal expression and encouraging critical discussion. As expected in the beginning of new technology integration, declines were observed in most competencies in both interviews and learning activities, except for a significant increase in critical\u2010thinking competencies and stable levels of managing\u2010ongoing dialogue. The findings suggest expanding the digital literacy framework by incorporating \u2018Learning New Technology\u2019, which covers general competencies for integrating emerging technologies, and specific GenAI\u2010related competencies. The study offers valuable insights into theory and practice AI\u2010enhanced learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:46:35Z","timestamp":1758692795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Digital Competencies for Effective\n                    <scp>GenAI<\/scp>\n                    Use in Secondary Schools: A Longitudinal Exploration of Teachers' Perspectives and Classroom Practices"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0112-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liron","family":"Levy\u2010Nadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5237-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar","family":"Shamir\u2010Inbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5695-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Blau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1343406"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baidoo\u2010Anu D. andL.Owusu Ansah.2023.\u201cEducation in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the Potential Benefits of ChatGPT in Promoting Teaching and Learning.\u201dAvailable at SSRN 4337484.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4337484.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4337484"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2019.100722"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","unstructured":"Chan C. K. Y. andL. H.Tsi.2023.\u201cThe AI Revolution in Education: Will AI Replace or Assist Teachers in Higher Education? arXiv Preprint arXiv:2305.01185.\u201darXiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2305.01185."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253861"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100171"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956\u2010023\u201010039\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956\u2010024\u201010104\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012174698-8\/50045-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28945\/1621"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2024.2316881"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010020\u201009767\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","unstructured":"Gozalo\u2010Brizuela R. andE. C.Garrido\u2010Merchan.2023.\u201cChatGPT Is Not All You Need: A State of the Art Review of Large Generative AI Models [arXiv Preprint arXiv:2301.04655].\u201darXiv.10.48550\/arXiv.2301.04655."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15040396"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528\u2010023\u201000862\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26689\/jcer.v8i8.7999"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.2.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ai6020035"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ai5030068"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info13010014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee I. S.Ali H.Zhang D.DiPaola andC.Breazeal.2021.\u201cDeveloping Middle School Students' AI Literacy.\u201dProceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. 191\u2013197.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3408877.3432513.","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3432513"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72312-4_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2304.09848"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long D. andB.Magerko.2020.\u201cWhat Is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations.\u201dIn Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201316.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376727.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao F. andK.Shiohira.2024.\u201cAI Competency Framework for Students.\u201dUnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54675\/JKJB9835.","DOI":"10.54675\/JKJB9835"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010023\u201010203\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2255228"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13411"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2023.2261010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","volume-title":"OECD Digital Education Outlook 2023: Towards an Effective Digital Education Ecosystem","author":"Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CAE.22326"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v15i1.53379"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-340-5_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2024.2397200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","first-page":"1522","volume-title":"EdMedia","author":"Shamir\u2010Inbal T.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239\u2010025\u201000508\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0013199300003932"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040\u2010024\u201000408\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561\u2010023\u201000237\u2010x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Editorial: ChatGPT: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implications for Teacher Education","volume":"23","author":"Trust T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","volume-title":"DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens \u2013 With New Examples of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes","author":"Vuorikari R.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21860\/j.12.2.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2025.2471821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14738\/assrj.1201.18121"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcal.70123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T09:21:11Z","timestamp":1764235271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcal.70123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcal.70123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.70123","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70123"}}