{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T02:29:17Z","timestamp":1773109757453,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021806","name":"Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC113\u20102410\u2010H\u2010035\u2010028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC113\u20102410\u2010H\u2010035\u2010028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online video\u2010based learning often leads to fatigue, which detracts from engagement and learning outcomes. Previous studies have examined monitoring mental states like attention through electroencephalography (EEG) headsets, but limitations such as high costs, discomfort, and limited scalability persist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of facial recognition technology in detecting fatigue levels during video\u2010based learning. By using eyelid closure (PERCLOS) and mouth opening percentage (POM) indicators, it aims to provide adaptive feedback that supports engagement and reduces fatigue. Key research questions address the impact on learning outcomes, feedback accuracy, and technology acceptance across different learner groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three groups were established in an experimental design: an experimental group receiving fatigue\u2010responsive feedback, a control group with random feedback, and a second control group with no feedback. Post\u2010experiment assessments measured learning outcomes, feedback accuracy, and technology acceptance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings reveal that adaptive, fatigue\u2010based feedback significantly enhances engagement and learning outcomes compared to random or no feedback. The experimental group maintained higher alertness in learning, reflected in both quantitative data and learner feedback.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial recognition technology offers a scalable and non\u2010intrusive solution to address fatigue in video\u2010based learning. Adaptive feedback based on real\u2010time fatigue detection improves learners' sustained focus, suggesting practical applications for future online education initiatives. Further research is recommended to optimise feedback mechanisms and explore long\u2010term impacts on learning efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:33:55Z","timestamp":1760006035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Fatigue Detection With Adaptive Feedback on Sustained Alertness and Learning Outcomes in Video\u2010Based Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeng\u2010Wei","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science Feng Chia University  Taichung City Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Che\u2010Lun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science Feng Chia University  Taichung City Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science Feng Chia University  Taichung City Taiwan"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpad006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u20109010.69.2.334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.1034006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v23i4.6223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3250921"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561\u2010016\u20100031\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2017.1341938"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12359"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562913519082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12791-3.9"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Automated Inattention and Fatigue Detection System in Distance Education for Elementary School Students","volume":"12","author":"Hwang K. 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