{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T21:46:31Z","timestamp":1777153591067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) provides a unique immersive teaching experience and brings significant changes to existing education models. However, barriers may influence the resistance to and non\u2010adoption of VR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grounded in innovation resistance theory (IRT), this study thus examined the resistance attitudes and non\u2010adoption intention (NAI) of university students toward VR technology from three aspects: functional, psychological, and technological barriers. This approach helps reveal the potential problems of VR technology in the promotion of university education. In addition, this study investigated the mediating effect of resistance on the relationship between these barriers and NAI and the moderating effect of VR attractiveness on the association between resistance and NAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study collected data from students currently receiving higher education in China through questionnaires and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results showed that value barrier, cognitive rigidity, and perceived complexity affected the resistance attitudes and NAI of current students toward using VR technology for learning. Furthermore, the attractiveness of VR technology had a negative moderating effect on the relationship between the students' resistance attitudes and NAI while resistance exerted a mediating effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study could provide insights for university administrators to reduce students' resistance to VR technology adoption, particularly by addressing three key factors: minimizing value barriers, fostering cognitive flexibility, and simplifying perceived complexity. These efforts are expected to reduce students' resistance toward VR technology and ultimately encourage its adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T07:11:21Z","timestamp":1762758681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Innovation Resistance in\n                    <scp>EdTech<\/scp>\n                    : Functional, Psychological, and Technological Barriers to\n                    <scp>VR<\/scp>\n                    Adoption"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UKM \u2010 Graduate School of Business Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia  Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Business Ningxia Polytechnic  Yinchuan Ningxia China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKM \u2010 Graduate School of Business Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia  Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Enamul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAC Business School BRAC University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}]},{"given":"Mengling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKM \u2010 Graduate School of Business Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia  Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKM \u2010 Graduate School of Business Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia  Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia"},{"name":"School of International Culture and Tourism Jilin International Studies University  Changchun Jilin China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2017.1312058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100532"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120985120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02666669241257197"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjimei.2022.100149"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2019.101938"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2025.124254"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JPBM\u201010\u20102018\u20102092"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TR\u201010\u20102022\u20100479"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105042"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center.2024.\u201cThe 53rd China Statistical Report on Internet Development.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cac.gov.cn\/2024\u201003\/25\/c_1713038218396702.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010025\u201013492\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","unstructured":"Gonyn.2024.\u201cAnalysis of the Status Quo and Future Development Trend of China's VR Education Industry in 2024.\u201dGonyn Network.https:\/\/www.gonyn.com\/industry\/1713096.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2023.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS\u2010SEM)","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR\u201011\u20102018\u20100203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120807"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692\u2010020\u201000169\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12778"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12161"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2017.1358750"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010017\u20109676\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20104359(00)00024\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055\u2010023\u201000778\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101936"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2009.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijec.2015100101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP\u201004\u20102023\u20100374"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257\u2010023\u201000633\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28945\/5264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221099293"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS\u201012\u20102020\u20100741"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102047"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","first-page":"3867","article-title":"Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Clinical Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Li L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21409"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.07.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633118757732"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12463"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010021\u201010653\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042\u2010023\u201015986\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60926-9_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMITEC60221.2024.10850932"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13614576.2025.2499748"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2019.101283"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2016.1261041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","unstructured":"People's Daily Online.2024.\u201cThe Basic Situation of National Education Development in 2023 Was Released \u2010 Ministry of Education: There Are 291 Million Students in Various Types of Academic Education at All Levels in the Country.\u201dhttps:\/\/edu.people.com.cn\/n1\/2024\/0301\/c1006\u201040186860.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010120710\u2010100452"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2021.103524"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102468"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000002542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1708612"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57413-4_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2009.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhlste.2022.100373"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2021.104229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102530"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ausmj.2020.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v23i4.2076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2023.103302"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcal.70149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T02:08:48Z","timestamp":1764468528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcal.70149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcal.70149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.70149","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70149"}}