{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:27:11Z","timestamp":1771918031861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":533,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>After centuries of human hunting, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>urasian beaver <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>astor fiber<\/jats:italic> had disappeared from most of its original range by the end of the 19th century. The surviving relict populations are characterized by both low genetic diversity and strong phylogeographical structure. However, it remains unclear whether these attributes are the result of a human\u2010induced, late Holocene bottleneck or already existed prior to this reduction in range. To investigate genetic diversity in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>urasian beaver populations during the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>olocene, we obtained mitochondrial control region <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequences from 48 ancient beaver samples and added 152 modern sequences from GenBank. Phylogeographical analyses of the data indicate a differentiation of European beaver populations into three mitochondrial clades. The two main clades occur in western and eastern Europe, respectively, with an early Holocene contact zone in eastern Europe near a present\u2010day contact zone. A divergent and previously unknown clade of beavers from the Danube Basin survived until at least 6000\u00a0years ago, but went extinct during the transition to modern times. Finally, we identify a recent decline in effective population size of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>urasian beavers, with a stronger bottleneck signal in the western than in the eastern clade. Our results suggest that the low genetic diversity and the strong phylogeographical structure in recent beavers are artefacts of human hunting\u2010associated population reductions. While beaver populations have been growing rapidly since the late 19th century, genetic diversity within modern beaver populations remains considerably reduced compared to what was present prior to the period of human hunting and habitat reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T11:57:41Z","timestamp":1392206261000},"page":"1717-1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Ancient mitochondrial <scp>DNA<\/scp> and the genetic history of <scp>E<\/scp>urasian beaver (<i><scp>C<\/scp>astor fiber<\/i>) in <scp>E<\/scp>urope"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Horn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Prost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution University of Otago 270 Great King Street Dunedin 9054 New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1005 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. #3140 Berkeley CA 94720\u20103140 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Informatics and Genetics Swedish Museum of Natural History Box 50007 10405 Stockholm Sweden"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Stiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Makowiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archaeology Nicolaus Copernicus University Szosa Bydgoska 44\/48 PL 87\u2010100 Toru\u0144 Poland"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paleontology Faculty of Geology Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1 MSU Moscow 119991 Russia"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Benecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Department of the Head Office German Archaeological Institute Im Dol 2\u20106 (Haus I) D\u201014195 Berlin Germany"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Pucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Zooarchaeology Natural History Museum Vienna Burgring 7 A\u20101010 Vienna Austria"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Hufthammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Museum Bergen University of Bergen Post box 7800 5020 Bergen Norway"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Schouwenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorpsstraat 53, 3238 BB Zwartewaal Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hofreiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of York Wentworth Way Heslington York YO31 7SG UK"},{"name":"Evolutionary and Adaptive Genomics Institute of Biochemistry and Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Life Sciences University of Potsdam Karl\u2010Liebknecht\u2010Stra\u00dfe 24\u201025 14476 Potsdam Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02751.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation","author":"Baker BW","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0178"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-009-9116-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Die Biberbilder vom Onegasee","volume":"14","author":"Brentjes B","year":"1968","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Jagdwissenschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704665104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2011.00196.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"Die Biber der Alten und Neuen Welt. 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