{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:00:30Z","timestamp":1784556030989,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study develops a spatial decision\u2010support framework to locate optimal rainwater harvesting (RWH) sites in the semi\u2010arid Karma Soor Basin, northern Iraq. ArcGIS Pro was coupled with three multi\u2010criteria decision\u2010making methods, TOPSIS, SAW, and Weighted Overlay, using nine hydrological, topographic, and infrastructural parameters whose weights were derived with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Stream order (22.18%) and surface runoff (18.62%) were the most influential criteria. Suitability maps show that highly suitable zones coincide with mid\u2010 to high\u2010slopes, well\u2010developed drainage networks, and loamy soils. Validation using ROC curves and Quality Sum\/Density Ratio metrics identified TOPSIS as the most accurate model (AUC\u2009=\u20090.827). TOPSIS produced the most even distribution, highlighting dispersed but hydrologically favorable sites; SAW gave more extensive areas of moderate suitability, whereas Weighted Overlay gave well\u2010defined high\u2010suitability areas. Technique\u2010specific suitability analysis indicates that check dams, terracing, and percolation tanks are the most appropriate RWH interventions, each associated with distinct landform and runoff regimes. The framework is transferable to other data\u2010scarce semi\u2010arid basins to prioritize decentralized storage and groundwater recharge under increasing water stress in the region. Check dams were optimally suited across 142.3\u2009km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    of the basin, predominantly in high stream order valleys; terracing was on sloping cropland; percolation tanks were most suitable on loamy, moderate\u2010rainfall zones of recharge potential. These results demonstrate that optimal RWH site selection is not solely a function of rainfall, but a complex interplay between topography, land cover, and hydrological connectivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:38:38Z","timestamp":1767717518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Spatial Decision\u2010Support Approach to Identifying Optimal Sites for Rainwater Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raid Mahmood","family":"Faisal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Technology, College of Environmental Sciences University of Mosul  Mosul 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