{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:26:01Z","timestamp":1783009561517,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003803","name":"University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examined GPS positioning accuracy in high\u2010density urban environments using Hong Kong as a representative case study. Through field measurements along 32 testing routes using three GPS devices, we evaluated GPS performance across diverse urban morphologies to assess associations between complex urban characteristics and positioning errors. A three\u2010phase methodology integrated experimental data collection, device performance evaluation, and multi\u2010scale environmental association analysis using route\u2010level Kendall's tau correlation and point\u2010level machine learning models with SHAP interpretation. Results showed that multi\u2010device measurements improved accuracy by 7.52%, while traditional GNSS indicators showed limited predictive power (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.020). The assessment framework identified critical environmental thresholds associated with GPS accuracy. Mean building heights above 20\u2009m and terrain elevations between 20 and 40\u2009m within 100\u2009m buffer zones showed strong associations with increased GPS positioning errors. Based on these findings, we recommend environment\u2010specific buffer sizes with 5\u201310\u2009m buffer in open areas and 20\u201340\u2009m buffer in high\u2010density areas. This framework supports accurate environmental exposure assessment and privacy protection strategies by enabling differentiated spatial masking approaches adjusted to local positioning accuracy patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:55:55Z","timestamp":1769054155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Multi\u2010Scale Approach to Assessing Positioning Accuracy in High\u2010Density Urban Environments of Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2531-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography The University of Hong Kong  Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjia","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography The University of Hong Kong  Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3247-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platial Analysis Lab, Department of Geography McGill University  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21580103.2014.887041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-024-00943-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2332372"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102602"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Cao Y. 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