{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:49:08Z","timestamp":1782222548295,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2117455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2117455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regression\u2010based local modeling through multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) is popular in studies of spatial processes across a wide array of disciplines, and six major software packages exist for this purpose: MGWR 2.2.1; mgwr\u2010plugin 1.1 in QGIS; MGWR in ArcGIS Pro 3.4.3; GWmodel 2.4.1 in R; GWmodelS 1.0.4; and mgwrsar 1.1 in R. We compare major functionalities, model specification options, and performance attributes of these algorithms using both simulated and empirical data and show that the calibration results are not always consistent. The results provide an important reminder that the software used in calibrating local models should always be cited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T04:25:34Z","timestamp":1774412734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Software for\n                    <scp>MGWR<\/scp>\n                    : A Comparison of Six Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6998-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen\u2010Lun","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Data Science Center, College of Social Science and Public Policy Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Geography, College of Social Science and Public Policy Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0407-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Stewart","family":"Fotheringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Data Science Center, College of Social Science and Public Policy Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Geography, College of Social Science and Public Policy Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20104632.1996.tb00936.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Esri.2024.\u201cMultiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) (Spatial Statistics).\u201dAccessed January 11 2024.https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro\u2010app\/latest\/tool\u2010reference\/spatial\u2010statistics\/multiscale\u2010geographically\u2010weighted\u2010regression.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Esri.2025.\u201cHow Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) Works.\u201dAccessed March 29 2025.https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro\u2010app\/latest\/tool\u2010reference\/spatial\u2010statistics\/how\u2010multiscale\u2010geographically\u2010weighted\u2010regression\u2010mgwr\u2010works.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799608902100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"Fotheringham A. S. C. L.Kao H.Yu et\u00a0al.2024.\u201cExploring Spatial Context: A Comprehensive Bibliography of GWR and MGWR.\u201darXiv preprint arXiv: 2404.16209.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2404.16209."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2023.2227690"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003435464"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2017.1352480"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"Geniaux G.2025a.\u201cPackage Mgwrsar.\u201dAccessed March 29 2025.https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/mgwrsar\/mgwrsar.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"Geniaux G.2025b.\u201cSpeeding Up GWR Like Models With mgwrsar Package Using Target Points Rough Gaussian Kernel and Parallelisation.\u201dAccessed April 7 2025.https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/mgwrsar\/vignettes\/Speeding_up_GWR_like_models.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v063.i17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"Gu H. andY.Wu.2024.MGWR_PluginAccessed March 29 2025.https:\/\/github.com\/aaronwu\u2010gis\/mgwr_plugin."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1720692"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2019.1704680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"MGWR 2.2 User Manual","author":"Li Z.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2022.2064244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2022.101291"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8122-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201015\u20103161\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8060269"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109\u2010022\u201000384\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118631980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011945"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470517277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2023.2246154"}],"container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70211","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tgis.70211","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70211","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:59:48Z","timestamp":1782219588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tgis.70211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tgis.70211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tgis.70211","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-1682","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70211"}}