{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:51:18Z","timestamp":1782222678760,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG080483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG080483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>How does one match addresses to other kinds of geography, for example, associating a residence address (a common bit of information) with a parcel map or the boundaries of US census blocks, block groups, and census tracts? While it might seem \u201ceasy\u201d to convert an address to a latitude and longitude, and then match that with maps of census block boundaries, it turns out that in a significant number of cases, the residence \u201caddress\u201d gets placed outside the correct block, either in a block that is empty of population, or one that is populated but where the address does not belong. These issues are not new, and have been consistently explored ever since widespread use of geocoding technology emerged in the early 2000s. Geocoded addresses have been applied in many areas of research, including for the detection of cancer clusters (health), measurement of environmental inequality (environment), and optimization of business locations (commerce). We are now at a turning point where vast amounts of spatial data are collected and the linking of disparate data is evermore necessary. We join mortality data for 1990 to 2022 from six states (California, Colorado, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey) to census block geometries. With those data, we explore the mismatch generated when an address point is located in an implausible census block, a problem we call overlay uncertainty. We (1) estimate error levels associated with this join, (2) reveal systematic problems with the ways spatial locations of addresses are misplaced, and (3) propose corrective measures and estimate the reduction in error that can be accomplished.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:08:05Z","timestamp":1773911285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Why It's So Hard to Match Residence Addresses to Census Blocks\u2014And How to Fix It"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8803-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6808-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myron","family":"Gutmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9180-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Leyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoeyun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehman College City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Geocoding Health Data: The Use of Geographic Codes in Cancer Prevention and Control, Research and Practice","author":"Abe T.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Risk\u2010Based Approach to Assessing \u201cFitness for Use\u201d of Spatial Data","volume":"11","author":"Agumya A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"URISA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000073121.63254.c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269741"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00812"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.569730"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-23","article-title":"Near\u2010Highway Pollutants in Motor Vehicle Exhaust: A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence of Cardiac and Pulmonary Health Risks","volume":"6","author":"Brugge D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-2-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1050754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810110053116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600911879"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"First Street Foundation.2022.\u201cFirst Street Foundation's 5th National Risk Assessment Fueling the Flames [Dataset].\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.6564773."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02859-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-60"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2007.01067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"Gutmann M. S.Leyk L.Hunter et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cBig Data for Health: Understanding Working\u2010Age Mortality at Very Fine Spatial Scales.\u201d2025 Data\u2010Intensive Research Conference: Understanding Health and Population Dynamics Through Big Microdata Minneapolis MN."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"Homeland Infrastructure Foundation\u2010Level Data (HIFLD).2022.\u201cMobile Home Parks [Dataset].\u201dGeospatial Management Office U.S. Department of Homeland Security.https:\/\/hifld\u2010geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes A. E. andS. L.Pruitt.2014.\u201cUsing Address Histories in Health Research: Challenges and Recommendations for Research.\u201dProceedings of the Third ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on the Use of GIS in Public Health. SIGSPATIAL 14: 22nd SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems Dallas Texas.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2676629.2676638.","DOI":"10.1145\/2676629.2676638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.7.1114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"Larson K. L. R.Andrade A.York et\u00a0al.2017.\u201cThe Phoenix Area Social Survey IV Linking Social and Biophysical Dynamics in Urban Neighborhoods.\u201dCentral Arizona\u2013Phoenix Long\u2010Term Ecological Research and Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-020-01302-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.752093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15575330709490186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 19.0 [Dataset]","author":"Manson S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2017.526"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2011.01289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","volume-title":"High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working\u2010Age Adults","author":"National Academies of Sciences","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","unstructured":"Openshaw S. andP. J.Taylor.1979.\u201cA Million or so Correlation Coefficients: Three Experiments on the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem.\u201dStatistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences 127\u2013144."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1978-14553-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-003-0215-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2017.1320213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith C. C. andM. S.White Jr.1971.\u201cGeocoding Techniques Developed by the Census Use Study.\u201dAFIPS '71 (Fall): Proceedings of the November 16\u201318 1971 Fall Joint Computer Conference 609\u2013617. Association for Computing Machinery New York NY.","DOI":"10.1145\/1479064.1479171"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12743"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10780874231165767"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin Z. D.Li andD. W.Goldberg.2023.\u201cIs ChatGPT a Game Changer for Geocoding \u2013 A Benchmark for Geocoding Address Parsing Techniques.\u201dProceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Searching and Mining Large Collections of Geospatial Data 1\u20138. Association for Computing Machinery New York NY.","DOI":"10.1145\/3615890.3628538"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00485-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9668"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2011.01277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0049-5"}],"container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70225","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tgis.70225","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:09:33Z","timestamp":1782220173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tgis.70225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tgis.70225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tgis.70225","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-1682","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70225"}}