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Existing quantitative approaches to toponymic studies primarily depend on spatial distribution analysis based on attribute\u2013value frameworks, disregarding the richer semantic and relational contexts underlying name changes. This study proposes a framework that integrates knowledge graphs and large language models (LLMs) to detect, classify, and interpret toponymic evolution patterns. Employing 143 Chinese historical cities as a case study, we construct a multilayered geographic knowledge graph capturing key events and figures, spatial changes, and local customs, thereby developing a knowledge graph\u2013enhanced LLM for semantic extraction, graph retrieval, and pattern identification. The results reveal four distinct types of toponymic evolution: economic prosperity\u2013driven (clustered in coastal and riverine regions and characterized by frequent new additions and abolitions), historical continuity\u2013driven (concentrated in the political cores of successive dynasties and dominated by affiliation and administrative adjustments), natural resource\u2013driven (clustered in regions with distinctive geographical features and characterized by renamings and new additions), and strategic hub\u2013driven (found in vital transport corridors and military centers and characterized by abolitions and seat relocations). This study provides a scalable, data\u2010driven approach for elucidating the semantic logic underlying place name change and advances research in digital humanities, cultural geography, and spatial governance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:20:46Z","timestamp":1773206446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying Toponymic Evolution Patterns Using Knowledge Graph\u2013Enhanced Large Language Models: Evidence From Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4620-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beidou Research Institute, South China Normal University  Foshan China"},{"name":"School of Geography South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Key Laboratory for Geo\u2010Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area, MNR Shenzhen University  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau Huadu District Branch  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0179-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi\u2010Li","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Key Laboratory for Geo\u2010Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area, MNR Shenzhen University  Shenzhen Guangdong China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Audencia Financial Technology Institute (SAFTI), Shenzhen University  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Key Laboratory for Geo\u2010Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area, MNR Shenzhen University  Shenzhen Guangdong China"},{"name":"Department of Urban Informatics School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beidou Research Institute, South China Normal University  Foshan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4139-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanfa","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beidou Research Institute, South China Normal University  Foshan China"},{"name":"School of Geography South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Achiam J. 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