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Despite their inherent connection, prior studies have examined them in isolation, focusing on physical environments and overlooking diverse populations. To address this gap, we investigate the connection between urban visual perception and residents' sentiment, with particular attention to income disparities and social inequalities. Deep learning models are used to analyze street view images and social media data to quantify visual perception and sentiment, while separate CatBoost models are trained for each income\u2010level group and compared using interpretability methods. Our findings show that only moderate visual perception enhances sentiment, while low or high perceptual stimulation reduces sentiment. Furthermore, although economically vulnerable residents are exposed to lower\u2010quality perceptions, enhancements in street conditions and income yield greater improvements. These results highlight social inequalities in the urban environment and suggest that unplanned urban sprawl may harm overall well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:37:40Z","timestamp":1773812260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social Inequality in Sight: Exploring Urban Visual Perception and Sentiment Across Income Levels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0851-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo\u2010Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9210-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo\u2010Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7323-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xintao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo\u2010Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010905029386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(02)00168-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl","author":"Calthorpe P.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-demos.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2015.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0597"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"2021 Population Census\u2014District Profiles","author":"C&S Department","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Information Technology Usage and Penetration","author":"C&S Department","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Table\u00a0130\u201306806: Average Household Size and Median Monthly Household Income of Households by District Council District","author":"C&S Department","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01079018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2007.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-003-0690-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(95)00003-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2023.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwell B. 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