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This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of the SUHI impact in Sialkot from 2001 to 2023, employing Landsat data. The Modified Mann\u2013Kendall trend test indicated a stable but somewhat declining SUHI trend, along with a reduction in the IBI and an elevation in the NDVI. Wavelet coherence and rolling correlation analyses demonstrated complex short\u2010term and seasonal effects of vegetation on SUHI intensity. The XGBoost model exhibited substantial predictive accuracy (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.86, RMSE\u2009=\u20090.18), with Land Surface Temperature recognized as the primary determinant. The findings highlight the essential function of green infrastructure in mitigating SUHI effects, indicating the efficacy of Pakistan's green programs. This research highlights the importance of machine learning in environmental studies and provides critical insights for sustainable urban design and policy formulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:10:05Z","timestamp":1773205805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Data\u2010Driven Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effect and Economic Effect Based on Machine Learning and Wavelet Coherence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Linjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School of Dongguan City University  Dongguan Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School of Dongguan City University  Dongguan Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahsan","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Mexico Bureau of Geology &amp; 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