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However, existing 3D voxel models are predominantly managed in proprietary formats, which can cause delays, inconsistencies, and inefficiencies in data retrieval and processing. Thus, we introduce a novel voxel database developed specifically to support 3D evacuation scenarios. The database defines the required semantic, geometric, and attribute information. A comprehensive class diagram is then formulated and implemented in PostgreSQL\/PostGIS. Furthermore, a vector\u2010field generation method is proposed to provide movement guidance for agents. The database is demonstrated and evaluated through case studies. The results indicate that: (1) the database can efficiently organize and query evacuation\u2010relevant voxels for vector\u2010field generation; (2) database integration significantly improves the efficiency of large\u2010scale, high\u2010resolution vector\u2010field generation; and (3) the advantage of the database approach diminishes at large voxel sizes. These findings suggest that the database can provide an efficient and scalable foundation for 3D evacuation simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:44:48Z","timestamp":1779212688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Voxel Database to Support 3D Evacuation Simulations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Built Environment, Faculty of Arts, Design, and Architecture The University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Center for Spatial Information Science The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8766-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisi","family":"Zlatanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Built Environment, Faculty of Arts, Design, and Architecture The University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwoo (Brian)","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Planning and Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs\u2010annals\u2010X\u20104\u2010W2\u20102022\u201013\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2021.1875062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"British Standards Institution.2019.\u201cBS 7974:2019 \u2010 Application of Fire Safety Engineering Principles to the Design of Buildings \u2010 Human Factors.\u201dLife Safety Strategies. 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