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These systems assist in identifying suitable hospitals for patients by prioritizing their needs and preferences. This article presents the development of a personalized, location\u2010based hospital recommender system designed for individuals seeking healthcare centers during the COVID\u201019 crisis. The initial phase involves collecting public participation data (PPD), patients' personal information, and hospital attributes to identify potential hospitals and build a knowledge\u2010based recommendation framework. A total of 166 participants were used for user clustering in the personalization stage. In the next phase, the system integrates users' location, visit time, and preferences to deliver personalized recommendations tailored to their needs and geographical context. To further improve recommendation quality, the system employs the water cycle algorithm (WCA), a metaheuristic optimization method that enhances hospital selection by maximizing accessibility to public transportation stations (PTSs), pharmacies, and hospital bed availability, while minimizing travel time. The novelty of the proposed system lies in integrating personalized user characteristics and preferences, spatial accessibility modeling, real\u2010world hospital capacity constraints, and metaheuristic optimization within a unified framework. The system was implemented in Tehran, Iran. Performance was evaluated using 20 users across multiple scenarios, producing 50 recommendation outcomes. Results demonstrate that the WCA\u2010based system achieved an F1 score of 84.93%, an AUC of 0.727, an average runtime of 5.23\u2009s, and a user satisfaction (CSAT) score of 74.67%, indicating high diversity, efficient performance, and notable patient satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:27:21Z","timestamp":1780471641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Patient\u2010Centric Care: A Location\u2010Aware Hospital Recommender System Optimized by the Water Cycle Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Souri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Safari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Land Management, Department of Geoinformatics Politecnico di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh Neysani","family":"Samany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Toomanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8766-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisi","family":"Zlatanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, School of Built Environment, GRID  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JSIT\u201001\u20102019\u20100019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2020.368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Sabri M. 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