{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T07:01:05Z","timestamp":1780297265054,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF\u20102026\u2010425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF\u20102026\u2010425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this paper, a drought monitoring system for Siping City, Jilin Province, is designed using multi\u2010source remote sensing data from 2010 to 2023, integrating vegetation health and precipitation anomalies. We used Google Earth Engine to process and analyze three satellite\u2010based datasets: the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (MOD13Q1) to assess vegetation greenness. The MODIS land surface temperature (MOD11A2) is used to assess thermal stress, and the CHIRPS daily precipitation is used to assess rainfall. We constructed a modified Vegetation Health Index (VHI) composed of an index of 70% Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and an index of 30% Temperature Condition Index (TCI), especially suited to the agro\u2010ecology of Northeast China (NDVI ranging between 0.1 and 0.9, and land surface temperature between 15\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C). The summer VHI for July\u2013August was combined with precipitation deviations from May\u2013September, using a 500\u2010mm baseline to develop a drought index. Mapping the index each year, classifying drought severity\u2010 Normal 0\u201330, Mild 30\u201350, Moderate 50\u201370, Severe 70\u201385, Extreme &gt;\u200985 examined trends and calculated area\u2010based statistics. For 14\u2009years, drought has been replaced by evident year\u2010by\u2010year fluctuations in Siping. Between 2010 and 2023, the average index varied across space, with stronger drought signals in the central and western farming regions. Three severe drought years, namely 2014, 2018, and 2022, exhibit DI values far above 70, matching the recorded agricultural droughts in Northeast China. In 2022, the drought was so severe that the entire area fell within the drought zone, and 42.7% of the study region experienced severe\u2010to\u2010extreme droughts (DI\u2009&gt;\u200970). From the time series, the drought severity trends increase slightly but not significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.314,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05) during the entire period.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1779805506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Vegetation Health and Precipitation Anomalies for Satellite\u2010Based Agricultural Drought Monitoring Using Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban Construction Yunnan Open University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5289-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xulong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban Construction Yunnan Open University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural &amp; Biological Engineering Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6647-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology NIPCONS  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of the Punjab  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayab","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of the Punjab  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyasha J.","family":"Kavhiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering RUDN University  Moscow Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qaisar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, College of Political Science and Economics Korea University  Seoul Republic of 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