{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:50:30Z","timestamp":1782496230256,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALLRP 544569\u201019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 544569\u201019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102017\u201005950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102017\u201005950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The integration of Building Information Models (BIM) and Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) is important to designing and developing smart cities and digital twins. Although significant advancements have been achieved, challenges remain in georeferencing BIM models to integrate them into the geospatial environment. This paper proposes an automated approach for georeferencing architectural BIM models of single buildings using shape geometry matching of building footprints. Our methodology identifies the optimal footprint match for the BIM model using existing datasets of georeferenced building footprints and calculates the transformation matrix for georeferencing the BIM model. Based on the transformation matrix results, we extract the required georeferencing information according to the defined levels of georeferencing in the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data format (LoGeoRef 10\u201350) and populate this data into the BIM models. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high spatial accuracy, with RMSE values consistently below 0.5\u2009m across all test cases and outperforming the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) method in 7 out of 10 cases in terms of RMSE. The proposed method achieved a Top\u20101 recognition accuracy of 100%, correctly identifying the corresponding geospatial footprint as the highest\u2010ranked match for all BIM cases, outperforming the Fourier Descriptor (FD) method (70% Top\u20101 accuracy) and the Turning Function (TF) method (60% Top\u20101 accuracy) in terms of ranking consistency. The resulting georeferenced BIM models not only ensure consistency but also significantly advance the integration of BIM and GIS, facilitating the development of smart cities and digital twins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:11:48Z","timestamp":1781010708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Approach to Automatic Georeferencing of Single Architectural BIM Models Using Shape Geometry Matching of Footprints"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1945-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"Azari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Toronto Metropolitan University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songnian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Toronto Metropolitan University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Toronto Metropolitan University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs\u2010annals\u2010IV\u20104\u2010W9\u20103\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2015.1034201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14120478"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14050180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2021.1875062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102838"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Level of Georeferencing (LoGeoRef) Using IFC for BIM","volume":"10","author":"Clemen C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Diakit\u00e9 A.2018.\u201cAbout the Geo\u2010Referencing of BIM Models. In Proceedings of the 3D Geoinfo Conference Munich Germany.\u201d(pp. 1\u201313)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10050279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.867495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs\u2010annals\u2010IV\u20104\u2010W8\u201067\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11050311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Optimizing Location of Tower Cranes on Construction Sites Through GIS and BIM Integration","volume":"17","author":"Irizarry J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943\u20105487.0000519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Structural Integrity","author":"Krijnen T.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2024.2310749"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs\u2010annals\u2010IV\u20104\u2010W5\u20101\u20102017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7080311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8865107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6120399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs\u2010archives\u2010XLIV\u20104\u2010W1\u20102020\u2010127\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205\u2010022\u20100251\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu J. J.Wang X.Wang andY.Tan.2019.\u201cAn Economical Approach to Geo\u2010Referencing 3D Model for Integration of BIM and GIS. In Innovative Production and Construction: Transforming Construction Through Emerging Technologies.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/9789813272491_0019.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813272491_0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10060362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104166"}],"container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70307","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tgis.70307","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:19:02Z","timestamp":1782494342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tgis.70307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tgis.70307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tgis.70307","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-1682","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70307"}}