{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:50:26Z","timestamp":1782496226901,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42371454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Building shape similarity measurement plays a crucial role in geospatial applications. However, this task remains challenging because hand\u2010crafted geometric encodings struggle to capture the full complexity of irregular building shapes. Spatial heterogeneity across regions undermines adaptability. Fully supervised approaches rely heavily on annotated datasets. To address these limitations, we propose a Spatial Context\u2010aware Weakly\u2010supervised Transfer learning (SCWT) framework. SCWT synergizes context\u2010enhanced multi\u2010view contour features with multi\u2010scale encoding to capture per\u2010vertex spatial contexts and global geometric semantics. Crucially, it introduces a weakly\u2010supervised paradigm that transfers knowledge from labeled simple shapes to complex ones, significantly reducing reliance on manual annotation while enhancing cross\u2010regional adaptability. Experimental results demonstrate that SCWT outperforms existing approaches in measuring building shape similarity. This framework offers a robust and scalable solution for shape analyses, advancing the automation of cross\u2010regional cartographic tasks and enabling intelligent integration of spatial data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T12:22:37Z","timestamp":1781266957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Context\u2010Aware Weakly\u2010Supervised Transfer Learning: A Framework for Measuring the Similarity of Building Shapes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1870-5570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering China University of Geosciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science China University of Geosciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science China University of Geosciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science China University of Geosciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.07.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"A Shape Multilevel Description Method and Application in Measuring Geometry Similarity of Multi\u2010Scale Spatial Data","volume":"40","author":"An X.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA210105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1346257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Biljecki F. L. Z. X.Chew N.Milojevic\u2010Dupont andF.Creutzig.2021.\u201cOpen Government Geospatial Data on Buildings for Planning Sustainable and Resilient Cities.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv:2107.04023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10050279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1985.4767734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12915"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.100"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Interchange Recognition Method Based on CNN","volume":"47","author":"He H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39698-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/ica-abs-8-11-2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2023.2295943"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Kingma D. P. andJ.Ba.2014.\u201cAdam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv:1412.6980."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2023.2273397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12681"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"2197","article-title":"A Canonical Time Warping Algorithm for Building Shape Similarity Measurement","volume":"52","author":"Li J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.752093"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"1582","article-title":"Shape Recognition Method for Rasterized Buildings Based on a Contrastive Transfer Model","volume":"27","author":"Li W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Geo\u2010Information Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"236","volume-title":"affine\u2010Invariant Polygon Similarity Measure","author":"Liu J.","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"750","article-title":"A Recognition Method for Building Cluster Pattern Supported by Fourier Shape Descriptors","volume":"52","author":"Liu P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Sciences)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2024.2310749"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.142909"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.410154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.149591"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Similarity Measures for Polygons Representation","volume":"7","author":"Tan G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Computer\u2010Aided Design & Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2008.4597945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.70.000920"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"A Probabilistic Theory\u2010Based Matching Method","volume":"36","author":"Tong X. H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"issue":"86","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing Data Using t\u2010SNE","volume":"9","author":"Maaten L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"Veer R. P.Bloem andE.Folmer.2018.\u201cDeep Learning for Classification Tasks on Geospatial Vector Polygons.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv:1806.03857."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Veli\u010dkovi\u0107 P. G.Cucurull A.Casanova A.Romero P.Li\u00f2 andY.Bengio.2018.\u201cGraph Attention Networks.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv:1710.10903."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"The Application of Mathematical Morphology and Pattern Recognition to Building Polygon Simplification","volume":"34","author":"Wang H.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2427853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184432"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"1683","article-title":"Shape Similarity Measurement Based on DNA Alignment for Buildings With Multiple Orthogonal Features","volume":"50","author":"Wei Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"A Fractal Description and Multi\u2010Scale Expression Method of Fourier Information Metrics","volume":"45","author":"Xiao T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"484","article-title":"Settlement Matching Algorithm Using Spatial Similarity Relations as Constraints","volume":"38","author":"Xu J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2023.2272662"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2351546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1192637"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1800016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09743-5"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","article-title":"A Simplification of Residential Feature by the Shape Cognition and Template Matching Method","volume":"45","author":"Yan X.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1768260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"4012","volume-title":"PolygonGNN: Representation Learning for Polygonal Geometries With Heterogeneous Visibility Graph","author":"Yu D.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2023.2212920"}],"container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70314","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tgis.70314","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:18:17Z","timestamp":1782494297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tgis.70314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tgis.70314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tgis.70314","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-1682","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70314"}}