{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1782975764959,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gathering activities have evolved from survival\u2010driven practices to predominantly recreational and cultural pursuits, weakening the connection with nature and potentially reducing navigational skills, which may help explain why gathering accounts for 8% of the search operations in Catalonia (Spain). A key focus of this study was the comparison of three classical probability of area (POA) models for locating missing gatherers\u2014the rings, watershed, and walking time cost models\u2014as well as combinations of the watershed model with the other two. The study also provides an overview of gatherers' spatial behavior, risk factors, and vulnerability. The dataset included 248 search operations involving 300 gatherers, occurring between 2010 and 2022 in Catalonia (Spain). Methods included descriptive and regression tree analyses on distance traveled, ordinal regression on health outcomes, and comparative evaluation of POA models using the MapScore framework, complemented by connectivity and high\u2010probability area analyses. Results indicate that elapsed time strongly influences both distance traveled and health outcomes, while meteorology and spatial features also contribute. Overall, POA models substantially improved search effectiveness compared with random search, and differences between models are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:32:28Z","timestamp":1782970348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lost Gatherers in the 21st Century: Probability of Area, Spatial Behavior, Risk Factors and Vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5723-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Lleida  Lleida Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Blanch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Lleida  Lleida Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Comas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics University of Lleida  Lleida Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1580\/06\u2010WEME\u2010OR\u2010035R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Alberti G.2024.\u201cmovecost: Calculation of Slope\u2010Dependant Accumulated Cost Surface Least\u2010Cost Paths Least\u2010Cost Corridors Least\u2010Cost Networks Related to Human Movement Across the Landscape.\u201dR package version 2.1.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=movecost."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Effects of Atmospheric and Geophysical Variables in Biology","author":"Baker R. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649409540578"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2307\/2532457","article-title":"Assessing Proportionality in the Proportional Odds Model for Ordinal Logistic Regression","volume":"46","author":"Brant R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"Breiman L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110\u2010012\u20109140\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2020.100358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Mediterr\u00e0nies. Vol. 5 of Biosfera","author":"Camarasa J. M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"\u00d2mnibus de la Generalitat de Catalunya 2014\u20131","author":"Centre d'Estudis d'Opini\u00f3","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040\u20105809(76)90040\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","volume-title":"Behavioral Problems in Geography: A Symposium","author":"Cox K. R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.08.003","article-title":"Estimating Daily Meteorological Data and Downscaling Climate Models Over Landscapes","volume":"108","author":"De Caceres M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Modelling & Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Departament d'Interior i Seguretat P\u00fablica.2025.\u201cConsells de Seguretat per a Boletaires.\u201dAccessed: December 11 2025.https:\/\/interior.gencat.cat\/ca\/arees_dactuacio\/bombers\/seguretat_a_la_muntanya\/boletaires\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"Doke J.2012.\u201cAnalysis of Search Incidents and Lost Person Behavior in Yosemite National Park.\u201dUnpublished Master's thesis. University of Kansas.http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1808\/10846."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Maps and Spatial Behavior: Process and Products","author":"Downs R. M.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162\u20103095(94)90020\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"The Theory of Search: A Simplified Explanation","author":"Frost J. R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d'Interior.2023.\u201cSalvaments al Medi Natural.\u201dhttps:\/\/interior.gencat.cat\/ca\/arees_dactuacio\/bombers\/seguretat_a_la_muntanya\/salvaments_al_medi_natural\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","unstructured":"Granda V.2025.\u201cmeteospain: Access to Spanish Meteorological Stations Services.\u201dR package version 0.3.0.https:\/\/emf\u2010creaf.github.io\/meteospain\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09502-4","article-title":"An Agent\u2010Based Model Reveals Lost Person Behavior Based on Data From Wilderness Search and Rescue","volume":"12","author":"Hashimoto A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction","author":"Hastie T.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.1998.0093","article-title":"Characteristics of Travel by Persons Lost in Albertan Wilderness Areas","volume":"18","author":"Heth C. D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","unstructured":"Institut Cartogr\u00e0fic i Geol\u00f2gic de Catalunya.2020.\u201cMap Derived from the 5m Terrain Elevation Model 2020 Raster cc by 4.0.\u201dLlic\u00e8ncia CC BY 4.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","unstructured":"Institut Cartogr\u00e0fic i Geol\u00f2gic de Catalunya.2025a.\u201cMap Derived from the Land Cover Reference Map Vector cc by 4.0.\u201dLlic\u00e8ncia CC BY 4.0.https:\/\/www.icgc.cat."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","unstructured":"Institut Cartogr\u00e0fic i Geol\u00f2gic de Catalunya.2025b.\u201cMap Derived from the Territorial Topographic Reference Map Vector cc by 4.0.\u201dLlic\u00e8ncia CC BY 4.0.https:\/\/www.icgc.cat."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Spatial Knowledge Acquisition in Large\u2010Scale Environments: Performance, Stability, and Individual Differences","volume":"52","author":"Ishikawa T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"ISRID.2000.\u201cInternational Search & Rescue Incident Database (ISRID).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.dbs\u2010sar.com\/SAR_Research\/ISRID.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","volume-title":"Environment Perception and Contemporary Perceptual Theory","author":"Ittelson W. H.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","volume-title":"Lost Person Behavior: A Search and Rescue","author":"Koester R. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0214252","volume-title":"A Theoretical Basis for Method of Search and Screening","author":"Koopman B. O.","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","volume-title":"Search and Screening: General Principles With Historical Applications","author":"Koopman B. O.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10588\u2010010\u20109066\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","volume-title":"Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Vol. 7 of Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences","author":"Long S. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","volume-title":"The Image of the City","author":"Lynch K.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2025.112672"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","volume-title":"Manual D'itineraris de Gesti\u00f3 Micol\u00f2gica a Catalunya","author":"Mart\u00ednez de Arag\u00f3n J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2011.05.003","article-title":"Value of Wild Mushroom Picking as an Environmental Service","volume":"13","author":"Mart\u00ednez de Arag\u00f3n J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forest Policy and Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9188-7_7","volume-title":"Search Theory and Applications","author":"Mattson R. J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704919839729"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","unstructured":"Milborrow S.2025.rpart.plot: Plot \u2018rpart\u2019 Models: An Enhanced Version of \u2018plot.rpart\u2019. R package version 3.1.3.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=rpart.plot."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102417"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065\u2010009\u20109120\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195103427.003.0011","volume-title":"A New Framework for Understanding the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in Large\u2010Scale Environments","author":"Montello D. R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/WR025i008p01907"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814476116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2021 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS)","author":"Pajewski M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803678-5.00233-2","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Public Health","author":"Petridou E. T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","volume-title":"Geographic Profiling","author":"Rossmo D. K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280\u2010025\u201002222\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","unstructured":"Servei Meteorol\u00f2gic de Catalunya. n.d.\u201cAnuari de Dades: Estacions Meteorol\u00f2giques.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.meteo.cat\/wpweb\/climatologia\/dades\u2010i\u2010productes\u2010climatics\/anuari\u2010de\u2010dades\/estacions\u2010meteorologiques\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508\u2010006\u20109168\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(78)90006-3","article-title":"Distortions in Judged Spatial Relations","volume":"10","author":"Stevens A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","volume-title":"Theory of Optimal Search","author":"Stone L. D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","volume-title":"The Wisdom of Crowds","author":"Surowiecki J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Lost Person Behavior: An Aid to Search Planning","author":"Syrotuck W. G.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","volume-title":"Three Presentations on Geographical Analysis and Modeling","author":"Tobler W.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1545"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","volume-title":"Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology","author":"Widlok T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278\u20104165(86)90017\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13485"}],"container-title":["Transactions in GIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70338","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tgis.70338","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tgis.70338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:32:56Z","timestamp":1782970376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tgis.70338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tgis.70338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tgis.70338","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-1682","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70338"}}