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Most multi\u2010source geocoding approaches lack explicit spatial constraints, limiting the stability and interpretability of fused results. To address this issue, this study proposes a Polygon Constraint\u2010based Multi\u2010source Geocoding optimization method (PCMG) that integrates geocoding outputs from multiple platforms under explicit polygon constraints corresponding to address semantics. The method aggregates candidate coordinates and applies spatial filtering and POI\u2010based refinement to enhance spatial plausibility and consistency. It is evaluated using 1884 addresses in Nanjing, China, with ground\u2010truth locations collected through field surveys. Results demonstrate that PCMG significantly reduces mean error and suppresses extreme positional deviations. Error distributions are more concentrated and exhibit a clearer relationship with polygon scale, indicating improved spatial consistency. The findings suggest that polygon units can serve as active constraints for multi\u2010source geocoding optimization and improve the reliability of online geocoding services in complex urban environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.70377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:37:01Z","timestamp":1788845821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Polygon Constraint\u2010Based Multi\u2010Source Geocoding Optimization Method"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Processes in Watershed, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Hohai University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8232-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Hohai University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010072X\u20102\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11010011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707\u2010006\u20100015\u20107"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"From Text to Geographic Coordinates: The Current State of Geocoding","volume":"19","author":"Goldberg D. 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