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In contrast, we review evidence for a parallel activation model in which these representations are accessed in parallel. According to this account, word learning involves the binding of the meaning, grammar, and sound of a word into a single representation. This representation is then activated as a whole during production, and so all linguistic components are available simultaneously. We then note that language comprehension involves extensive use of prediction and argue that comprehenders use production mechanisms to determine (roughly) what they would say next if they were speaking. So far, theories of prediction\u2010by\u2010production have assumed sequential lexical production. We therefore reinterpret such evidence in terms of parallel lexical production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T08:53:55Z","timestamp":1732265635000},"page":"936-947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Language Production and Prediction in a Parallel Activation Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Pickering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristof","family":"Strijkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parole et Langage (LPL) Aix\u2010Marseille Universit\u00e9 &amp; CNRS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00059-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104987"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026432997381664"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.6.1430"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1923-21.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2021.104298"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104073"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.93.3.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90202-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1504"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgab040"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1999.2660"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01675"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","volume-title":"Cortex and mind: Unifying cognition","author":"Fuster J. 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