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A question thus raised is whether differences in freezing tolerance might contribute to local adaptation in Arabidopsis. Consistent with this possibility is that Arabidopsis accessions differ in freezing tolerance and that those collected from colder northern latitudes are generally more tolerant to freezing than those collected from warmer southern latitudes. Moreover, recent studies with Arabidopsis genotypes collected from sites in Sweden (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SW<\/jats:styled-content>) and Italy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content>) have established that the two accessions are locally adapted, that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SW<\/jats:styled-content> ecotype is more tolerant of freezing than the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content> ecotype, and that genetic differences between the two ecotypes that condition local adaptation and freezing tolerance map to a region that includes the C\u2010repeat binding factor (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) locus. The <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> locus includes three genes \u2013 <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content>3<\/jats:italic> \u2013 that are induced by low temperature and encode transcription factors that regulate a group of more than 100 genes, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content> regulon, which impart freezing tolerance. Here we show that cold induction of most <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content> regulon genes is lower in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content> plants compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SW<\/jats:styled-content> plants, and that this is due to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content> <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> gene encoding a non\u2010functional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content>2 protein. The non\u2010functional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT CBF<\/jats:styled-content>2 protein also contributes to the lower freezing tolerance of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content> plants compared with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SW<\/jats:styled-content> plants. Taken together, studies on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SW<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IT<\/jats:styled-content> ecotypes provide evidence that natural variation in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBF<\/jats:styled-content> pathway has contributed to adaptive evolution in these Arabidopsis populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T11:43:02Z","timestamp":1442317382000},"page":"682-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Natural variation in the C\u2010repeat binding factor cold response pathway correlates with local adaptation of Arabidopsis ecotypes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Malia A.","family":"Gehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MSU\u2010DOE Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"}]},{"given":"Sunchung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSU\u2010DOE Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSU\u2010DOE Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"}]},{"given":"Chuanfu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSU\u2010DOE Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Mei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSU\u2010DOE Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA"}]},{"given":"Michael 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