{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:39:11Z","timestamp":1761896351656,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":203,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Auton Autocoid Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Dry stigmas of the <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic> L. (Saffron) are well known in world as a popular flavouring and therapeutic agent. The anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant and antiarrhythmic effects of saffron suggest that it may affect the autonomic control of the heart.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study assessed its safety on cardiac sympathovagal balance and heart rate variability in rat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Experimental groups were control, Saf50, Saf100, Saf200 (received saffron at dosages of 50 and 100 and 200\u00a0mg\/kg\/d, orally, respectively) and Amio (received 30\u00a0mg\/mL\/kg\/d of amiodarone, orally, for 7\u00a0days) groups. On day 8, the frequency domain and time domain indices of animals' electrocardiograms were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The heart rate decreased and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> interval increased in Saf200 and Amio groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05 vs other groups). Square root of the mean squared differences of successive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> intervals enhanced in all treated groups, however, was only significant in Amio group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>2 ratio was higher in Saf200 and Amio groups. Both low\u2010frequency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>) and high\u2010frequency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>) parameters were higher, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content> ratio was non\u2010significantly lower in treated groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The findings suggest that saffron not only has no harmful effect on activity of cardiac autonomic nervous system, but it may improve the stability of heart sympathovagal balance in normal rat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aap.12040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T17:36:40Z","timestamp":1466703400000},"page":"46-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The safety assessment of saffron (<i>Crocus sativus<\/i> L.) on sympathovagal balance and heart rate variability; a comparison with amiodarone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9937-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyavash","family":"Joukar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center  Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Physiology Research Center  Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad\u2010Moein","family":"Dehesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Research Center  Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"444","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of crocus sativus L. stigmas in mice","volume":"5","author":"Hosseinzadeh H","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3736\/jintegrmed2013056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"376","article-title":"The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: a\u00a0review","volume":"5","author":"Khazdair MR","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Antinociceptive and anti\u2010inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice","volume":"15","author":"Hosseinzadeh H","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152312803476282"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma and its bioactive constituent, crocin and safranal","volume":"5","author":"Hosseinzadeh H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Mag"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf300589c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"420","article-title":"Natural remedies for heart diseases","volume":"5","author":"Lokhande PD","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Tradit Know"},{"volume-title":"The Traditional Healer's Handbook, a Classic Guide to the Medicine of Avicenna","year":"1991","author":"Chishti GM","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5560\/znc.2014-0124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-010-9063-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.767362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"480","article-title":"Electrocardiogram alterations following one\u2010week consumption of Crocus sativus L. 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