{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:42:44Z","timestamp":1787013764824,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]],"date-time":"2014-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During recent decades, the increasing use of opioids for chronic non\u2010cancer pain has raised concerns regarding tolerance, addiction, and importantly cognitive dysfunction. Current research suggests that the somatotrophic axis could play an important role in cognitive function. Administration of growth hormone (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010deficient humans and experimental animals has been shown to result in significant improvements in cognitive capacity. In this report, a patient with cognitive disabilities resulting from chronic treatment with opioids for neuropathic pain received recombinant human growth hormone (rh\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) replacement therapy. A 61\u2010year\u2010old man presented with severe cognitive dysfunction after long\u2010term methadone treatment for intercostal neuralgia and was diagnosed with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    insufficiency by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    releasing hormone\u2010arginine testing. The effect of rh\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    replacement therapy on his cognitive capacity and quality of life was investigated. The hippocampal volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, and the ratios of the major metabolites were calculated using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cognitive testing revealed significant improvements in visuospatial cognitive function after rh\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The hippocampal volume remained unchanged. In the right hippocampus, the N\u2010acetylaspartate\/creatine ratio (reflecting nerve cell function) was initially low but increased significantly during rh\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    treatment, as did subjective cognitive, physical and emotional functioning. This case report indicates that rh\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    replacement therapy could improve cognitive behaviour and well\u2010being, as well as hippocampal metabolism and functioning in opioid\u2010treated patients with chronic pain. The idea that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    could affect brain function and repair disabilities induced by long\u2010term exposure to opioid analgesia is supported.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]],"date-time":"2014-04-08T23:52:57Z","timestamp":1397001177000},"page":"759-765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Recombinant human growth hormone improves cognitive capacity in a pain patient exposed to chronic opioids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"RHODIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesia\/Pain Research Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"von EHREN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Uppsala 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