{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:11:58Z","timestamp":1780423918355,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurophysiological data are lacking in the research of nerve injury during regional anaesthesia. The aim of this pilot study was to establish a large animal model in order to test the hypothesis that needle trauma alone or in combination with intraneural injection would result in measurable nerve injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experimental set\u2010up was elaborated in four pre\u2010test animals. In the remaining animals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 11), 22 sciatic nerves were randomly assigned to one of four groups: needle trauma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 5) generated by ultrasound\u2010guided forced needle advancement; intraneural injection of 2.5 ml saline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 6); intraneural injection of 5 ml saline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 6); extraneural injection of 5 ml saline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 5) as control group. Compound muscle action potential (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMAP<\/jats:styled-content>) amplitudes as well as latencies were taken as outcome parameter and monitored over 180 min. Sonographic assessments were performed simultaneously.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following needle trauma and intraneural injection,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMAP<\/jats:styled-content>amplitudes declined significantly over 180 min (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). The control group showed no electrophysiological alterations. At 60 min, decreases in amplitude were significant after needle trauma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.04) and intraneural injection of 2.5 ml (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.045), and highly significant after injection of 5 ml (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.006) when compared to controls. Sustained nerve swelling was observed after intraneural injection, but not after needle trauma and perineural injection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Isolated mechanical trauma caused by forced needle advancement alone or in combination with intraneural injection of saline was followed by a significant decline in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMAP<\/jats:styled-content>amplitudes indicating conduction block due to disruption of myelin or axon loss (pseudo\u2010conduction block).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T08:45:14Z","timestamp":1448613914000},"page":"393-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neurophysiological effects of needle trauma and intraneural injection in a porcine model: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Kirchmair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine AUVA Trauma Centre Salzburg Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Str\u00f6hle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. N.","family":"L\u00f6scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kreutziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. G.","family":"Voelckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine AUVA Trauma Centre Salzburg Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Lirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200809000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000184255.43746.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000250915.45247.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep366"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d28396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/591851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318202cb9c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31821b2227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200409000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d25cfe"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e318217a9ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.11.1820","article-title":"Methods of clinical electrophysiologic study in pigs","volume":"50","author":"Wheeler SJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199602000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq256"}],"container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faas.12657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aas.12657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T15:37:25Z","timestamp":1748705845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aas.12657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aas.12657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aas.12657","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5172","1399-6576"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-5172","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-6576","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]]}}}