{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:22:34Z","timestamp":1781043754937,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mats Kleberg Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crystalloid fluid requires 30 min for complete distribution throughout the extracellular fluid space and tends to cause long\u2010standing peripheral edema. A kinetic analysis of the distribution of Ringer\u2032s acetate with increasing infusion rates was performed to obtain a better understanding of these characteristics of crystalloids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were retrieved from six studies in which 76 volunteers and preoperative patients had received between 300 ml and 2375 ml of Ringer's acetate solution at a rate of 20\u201380 ml\/min (0.33\u20130.83 ml\/min\/kg). Serial measurements of the blood hemoglobin concentration were used as inputs in a kinetic analysis based on a two\u2010volume model with micro\u2010constants, using software for nonlinear mixed effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The micro\u2010constants describing distribution (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>) and elimination (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) were unchanged when the rate of infusion increased, with half\u2010times of 16 and 26 min, respectively. In contrast, the micro\u2010constant describing how rapidly the already distributed fluid left the peripheral space (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>21<\/jats:sub>) decreased by 90% when the fluid was infused more rapidly, corresponding to an increase in the half\u2010time from 3 to 30 min. The central volume of distribution <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>) doubled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The return of Ringer\u2032s acetate from the peripheral fluid compartment to the plasma was slower with high than with low infusion rates. Edema is a normal consequence of plasma volume expansion with this fluid, even in healthy volunteers. The results are consistent with the view that the viscoelastic properties of the interstitial matrix are responsible for the distribution and redistribution characteristics of crystalloid fluid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T03:42:50Z","timestamp":1452742970000},"page":"569-578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Distribution of crystalloid fluid changes with the rate of infusion: a population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"R. 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