{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:25:48Z","timestamp":1789503948379,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,13]],"date-time":"2017-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005689","name":"G\u00f6teborgs L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of left ventricular (LV) loading on myocardial deformation variables are not well\u2010studied in the clinical setting. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of isolated changes in preload, afterload and heart rate on LV longitudinal strain, systolic (SR\u2010S) and early diastolic strain rate (SR\u2010E) in post\u2010cardiac surgery patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010one patients were studied early after cardiac surgery. Longitudinal myocardial strain and SR were analysed off\u2010line using 2\u2010D speckle echocardiography. The experimental protocol consisted of three consecutive interventions: (1) preload was increased by passive leg elevation, (2) afterload was increased by an infusion of phenylephrine to increase arterial blood pressure by 10\u201315% and (3) heart rate was increased 10% and 20% by atrial pacing. During both the preload and afterload challenges heart rate was kept constant by atrial pacing. Central venous pressure was kept constant during pacing by infusion of hetastarch\/albumin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase in preload increased LV strain, SR\u2010S and SR\u2010E by 20%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The phenylephrine\u2010induced increase in afterload, did not affect LV strain, SR\u2010S or SR\u2010E. LV strain was not affected while SR\u2010S and SR\u2010E increased by pacing\u2010induced heart rate increase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After cardiac surgery, systolic and early diastolic strain rate are dependent on both preload and heart rate, while neither of these variables was afterload\u2010dependent. LV strain was preload\u2010dependent but not affected by atrial pacing. When evaluating the direct effects of various pharmacological or other interventions on myocardial contractility and relaxation, preload and heart rate must be controlled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T00:02:41Z","timestamp":1502668961000},"page":"1155-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Load\u2010dependence of myocardial deformation variables \u2013 a clinical strain\u2010echocardiographic study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Fredholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"J\u00f6rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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