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Research into cognitive change after anaesthesia and surgery accelerated in the 1980s when multiple studies utilised detailed neuropsychological testing for assessment of cognitive change after cardiac surgery. This body of work consistently documented decline in cognitive function in elderly patients after anaesthesia and surgery, and cognitive changes have been identified up to 7.5\u00a0yr afterwards. Importantly, other studies have identified that the incidence of cognitive change is similar after non\u2010cardiac surgery. Other than the inclusion of non\u2010surgical control groups to calculate postoperative cognitive\u00a0dysfunction, research into these cognitive changes in the perioperative period has been undertaken in isolation from cognitive studies in the general population. The aim of this work is to develop similar terminology to that used in cognitive classifications of the general population for use in investigations of cognitive changes after anaesthesia and surgery. A multispecialty working group followed a modified Delphi procedure with no prespecified number of rounds comprised of three face\u2010to\u2010face meetings followed by online editing of draft versions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Two major classification guidelines [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fifth edition (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105) and National Institute for Aging and the Alzheimer Association (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>)] are used outside of anaesthesia and surgery, and may be useful for inclusion of biomarkers in research. For clinical purposes, it is recommended to use the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 nomenclature. The working group recommends that \u2018perioperative neurocognitive disorders\u2019 be used as an overarching term for cognitive impairment identified in the preoperative or postoperative period. This includes cognitive decline diagnosed before operation (described as <jats:italic>neurocognitive disorder<\/jats:italic>); any form of acute event (<jats:italic>postoperative delirium<\/jats:italic>) and cognitive decline diagnosed up to 30\u00a0days after the procedure (<jats:italic>delayed neurocognitive recovery<\/jats:italic>) and up to 12\u00a0months (<jats:italic>postoperative neurocognitive disorder<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T09:13:56Z","timestamp":1539681236000},"page":"1473-1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery\u20142018"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Lis","family":"Evered","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy Victoria Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne Fitzroy Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Silbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy Victoria Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne Fitzroy Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Knopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy Victoria Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne Fitzroy Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"DeKosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars S.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia Center of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther S.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologic Outcomes Research Group Anesthesiology Department Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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