{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:46:15Z","timestamp":1754153175675,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuraxial access procedures, such as spinal blocks, are routine but can be challenging in for example, obese, pregnant, and elderly patients. Ultrasound\u2010based techniques offer a promising alternative, yet standardized assessment tools for evaluating competence are lacking. This study aims to develop and gather validity evidence for a simulation\u2010based assessment tool in ultrasound\u2010assisted and ultrasound\u2010guided neuraxial access, and establish a credible pass\/fail score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective study will be conducted at the Simulation Center, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, and at various anaesthesia departments. Using a low\u2010fidelity mannequin and ultrasound probe, participants with varying experience levels (novices, intermediates, and experienced) will complete both ultrasound\u2010assisted and ultrasound\u2010guided spinal block procedures. Messick's framework of validity, which includes five key sources: content, response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences of testing, will be used to gather validity evidence for the test. Video recordings of performances will be assessed by blinded raters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study will provide evidence for a simulation\u2010based assessment tool for ultrasound\u2010based neuraxial access. Validity evidence will be gathered to ensure the tool accurately measures what is intended and to establish a credible pass\/fail standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study addresses a gap in neuraxial access training by developing an objective, simulation\u2010based assessment tool for ultrasound\u2010based procedures in spinal anesthesia. This tool will contribute to structured, competency\u2010based training in ultrasound\u2010based neuraxial access.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:54:15Z","timestamp":1752479655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Basic Skills in Ultrasound\u2010Based Neuraxial Access\u2014A Protocol of a Study Gathering Validity Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine S.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Lillebaelt University Hospital  Kolding Denmark"},{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Education, Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Regional Health Research  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders B.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Education, Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Odense University Hospital  Svendborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Konge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Education, Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation Center for HR &amp; Education, the Capital Region of Denmark  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders M.","family":"Grejs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne C.","family":"Br\u00f8chner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Lillebaelt University Hospital  Kolding Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Regional Health Research  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/eja.0000000000001422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/86.6.798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x1103900410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/lra.S68451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0000000000000184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"DASAIM \u201cIntroduktionsuddannelsen i An\u00e6stesiologi \u201d 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13344"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000938"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1234"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000549"},{"volume-title":"Validity","year":"1989","author":"Messick S. A.","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1404200409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x1404200406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539\u2010199803000\u201000037"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"The Regional Anesthesia \u201cLearning Curve\u201d. What Is the Minimum Number of Epidural and Spinal Blocks to Reach Consistency?","volume":"21","author":"Kopacz D. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11101849.2020.1782138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000860"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31829a365d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0265021502000716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2011.61.5.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203880135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000001114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159x.2012.703791"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077\u2010018\u20100064\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.6321.8e5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000493758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000002652"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181a34345"}],"container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aas.70102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T15:47:29Z","timestamp":1753199249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aas.70102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aas.70102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aas.70102","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5172","1399-6576"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-5172"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1399-6576"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70102"}}