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Whether these associations differ between males and females, and whether such differences depend on adversity occurring in childhood, adulthood or both periods, remains unclear. In 153,557 UK Biobank participants aged 40\u201369\u2009years, we assessed associations of childhood and\/or adulthood adversity with metabolomic ageing, frailty, telomere length and grip strength. Sex differences were evaluated using stratified analyses and sex\u2010by\u2010adversity interaction tests. Exposure to adversity in childhood and\/or adulthood was reported by 64.6% of males and 69.6% of females. Childhood adversity was associated with multiple ageing markers primarily in females, including a metabolite\u2010predicted age exceeding chronological age, greater frailty, shorter telomeres and weaker grip strength. Adulthood adversity was more strongly associated with certain ageing markers in males, particularly greater frailty and weaker grip strength. This divergence in sex\u2010specific associations between childhood and adulthood exposure was consistent across several markers, with statistically significant sex\u2010by\u2010adversity interactions for frailty and grip strength. In this large, population\u2010based sample, the timing of adversity, distinguishing childhood from adulthood, shaped whether females or males showed stronger associations with biological ageing markers. These findings suggest that sex differences in biological ageing profiles may partly reflect distinct sensitive periods of vulnerability, highlighting the importance of considering both sex and timing of exposure to adversity when examining links between adversity and biological ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:49:38Z","timestamp":1770299378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sex Differences in Associations Between Adversity and Biological Ageing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Mutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Di Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thole H.","family":"Hoppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nexhmedin","family":"Morina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Aas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345\u2010015\u20100042\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aas M. 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