{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:46:45Z","timestamp":1787323605742,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG078859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG078859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aging Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, are transcriptionally diverse and highly dynamic, but during aging and disease they lose their transcriptomic flexibility and adopt a chronically activated state that is associated with neuroinflammation and pathology. An emerging transcriptomic process that is also increasingly implicated in brain aging, neuroinflammation, and disease is the dysregulation of transposable elements (TEs), repetitive genomic sequences with the potential to cause cellular stress\/dysfunction. However, there are limited data on microglial TE transcript patterns in these contexts. Here, we analyzed multiple RNA\u2010seq datasets from isolated human and mouse microglia across aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and AD\u2010associated pathology. In contrast to previous observations based on whole\u2010brain tissue and other brain cell types, we found that microglial TE transcript levels remained relatively consistent throughout most of the human lifespan before increasing in late life. We also found that TE transcript levels in microglia from AD patients showed minimal changes compared to age\u2010matched controls, and in RNA\u2010seq analyses of transgenic AD mouse models we observed pathology\u2010associated TE transcript decreases. Subsequent analyses identified inverse associations between TE transcript levels and autophagy\/lysosome\u2010related gene expression, and in\u00a0vitro studies suggested that aging\u2010 and AD\u2010relevant stimuli, as well as pharmacological autophagy inhibition, modulate TE transcript expression in cultured human microglia. Together, these data provide novel insight into TE transcript dynamics in microglia, highlighting TE transcript patterns that differ from those observed in whole\u2010brain samples and other cell types in aging and AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:11:00Z","timestamp":1786594260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Transposable Element Transcript Patterns in Microglia Across Aging and Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Randy A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Exercise Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Center for Healthy Aging Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, &amp; Integrative Neuroscience Program Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Doser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Exercise Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Center for Healthy Aging Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, &amp; Integrative Neuroscience Program Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"LaRocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Exercise Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Center for Healthy Aging Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, &amp; Integrative Neuroscience Program Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0796\u2010783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010018\u20100057\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201077398\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010025\u201001765\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.29647"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556\u2010023\u201001158\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2023.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2003.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750\u20101326\u20107\u201042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010018\u20101288\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlw002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.743797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010022\u201000457\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.626541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001588\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2016.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201900453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010018\u20100242\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010019\u20100244\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Transcriptome Data Analysis [Internet]","author":"Jin Y.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2003.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.2122004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"204","article-title":"Transposons: The Jumping Genes","volume":"1","author":"Leslie P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587\u2010023\u201000479\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568\u2010023\u201000653\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010021\u201000976\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424\u2010016\u20101809\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059\u2010014\u20100550\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19491034.2022.2143106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20100924\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1173200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1263369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010025\u201005140\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374647a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1922\u201021.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010023\u201003862\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD\u20102010\u20101221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.19\u201000029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201019737\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201002926\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87811.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010020\u201000161\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587\u2010023\u201000424\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977\u2010020\u201000544\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873\u20103468.14205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3369\u201013.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2011.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010022\u201004020\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010019\u20100532\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043728\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010021\u201000441\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010024\u201001126\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010018\u20100212\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11295"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018\u2010015\u20101896\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010018\u20100194\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.168872.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2025.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13798"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024\u2010018\u20100296\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.280357.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9912686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201099867\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010023\u201002809\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010023\u201001355\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010021\u201000875\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro\u20102014\u20100076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102186"}],"container-title":["Aging Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acel.70653","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acel.70653","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acel.70653","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:10:47Z","timestamp":1787321447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acel.70653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acel.70653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.70653","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-9718","1474-9726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-9718","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-9726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70653"}}