{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:45:09Z","timestamp":1792611909751,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007405","name":"Hjerteforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003035","name":"Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aging Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thymic involution, the age\u2010related replacement of thymic soft tissue by fat, has been linked to immunosenescence and chronic inflammation, processes implicated in aging\u2010associated comorbidities. Untreated HIV infection is associated with thymic atrophy and reduced thymic output. Although thymic function may normalize after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, the long\u2010term consequences of HIV infection on thymic involution in people with HIV (PWH) remain unknown. We investigated whether thymic involution differs between PWH and population controls, and how its association with markers of T\u2010cell differentiation and inflammation in PWH. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis including 654 PWH aged \u2265\u200940\u2009years from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection study and 637 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched population controls from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Thymic tissue was graded on a 4\u2010point scale based on adipose\u2010to\u2010soft tissue proportion on chest CT scans, with higher grades reflecting more soft tissue (i.e., less involution). Thymic output was assessed by signal joint T\u2010cell receptor excision circle (sjTREC) content in buffy coats. PWH had higher odds of a higher thymus grade compared to population controls (adjusted\u2010OR\u2009=\u20091.75, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.31\u20132.33), after adjustment for age, sex, pack\u2010years, BMI, waist\u2010to\u2010hip ratio, physical activity, and alcohol intake. Higher thymus grade was associated with greater sjTREC content, and among PWH with higher proportions of na\u00efve CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, lower proportions of senescent T cells, and lower IL\u20106 and hs\u2010CRP levels. Our findings indicate thymic involution may be attenuated in some PWH on long\u2010term treatment, and that the preserved thymic output may help mitigate chronic inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:04:49Z","timestamp":1790161489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thymic Involution and Function in People With\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    and General Population Controls: A Cross\u2010Sectional Analysis From Two Danish Cohort Studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon C.","family":"Vanbellinghen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Global Health Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9512-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7391-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas Ohrt","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises Alberto","family":"Suarez\u2010Zdunek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Dehlb\u00e6k","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Viroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Sk\u00e5rup","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Copenhagen University Hospital\u2010Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen Tobias","family":"K\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Ejlstrup","family":"Sigvardsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6577-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Huy Cuong","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Copenhagen University Hospital\u2010Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Fuchs","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Amager &amp; Hvidovre Hospital  Hvidovre Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus Fuglsang","family":"Kofoed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Copenhagen University Hospital\u2010Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00f8rge Gr\u00f8nne","family":"Nordestgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Herlev and Gentofte  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1442-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoaib","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Herlev and Gentofte  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9429-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeltje","family":"Kootstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne Dam","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7896-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Global Health Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development  Amsterdam the 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Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acel.70723","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acel.70723","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acel.70723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:20:46Z","timestamp":1792610446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acel.70723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acel.70723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.70723","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-9718","1474-9726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-9718","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-9726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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