{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1792147817102,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V009591\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V009591\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Vivensa Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AIS2110\\20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AIS2110\\20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aging Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ageing profoundly impairs vaccine efficacy, leaving older individuals highly susceptible to infectious diseases despite vaccination. Although B cells retain the intrinsic capacity to generate germinal centre (GC) responses in older people, age\u2010associated defects in T cells, dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) limit the development of high\u2010affinity, class\u2010switched antibody responses. Here, we hypothesised that senescent fibroblasts disrupt B cell activation and expansion, thus contributing to the diminution of the humoral response in ageing. To test this hypothesis, we established an in\u00a0vitro system in which human tonsil\u2010derived YK6 fibroblasts expressing CD40L are co\u2010cultured with PBMC\u2010derived B cells. B cell activation, proliferation, and phenotype in response to low\u2010 and high\u2010stimulation conditions was determined in co\u2010culture with control or bleomycin\u2010treated YK6 fibroblasts. Control YK6 fibroblasts promoted B\u2010cell activation and proliferation in both 2D and 3D cultures, whereas bleomycin\u2010treated fibroblasts robustly inhibited B\u2010cell proliferation without impairing early activation. Conditioned media from bleomycin\u2010treated fibroblasts partially reduced B cell proliferation, although to a lesser extent than direct co\u2010culture, suggesting cell\u2013cell contact was key to inhibiting B cell proliferation. Bleomycin\u2010treated YK6 fibroblasts upregulated genes associated with impaired lymphocyte responses, such as\n                    <jats:italic>PDCD1LG2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which may impact B cell activation. Indeed, B cells co\u2010cultured with bleomycin\u2010treated fibroblasts failed to fully initiate glycolysis and were essentially unable to synthesise new protein. Together, these findings suggest that senescence\u2010like changes in fibroblasts could restrict B\u2010cell proliferative capacity, which may contribute to impaired B cell responses in ageing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:26:59Z","timestamp":1792146419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Senescent Fibroblasts Impair B Cell Proliferation via Cell\u2013Cell Contact"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1034-5355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassandra","family":"Vezyrgianni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0869-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9153-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Nutley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4580-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice E.","family":"Denton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521\u20104141(2002010)32:10<2817::AID\u2010IMMU2817>3.0.CO;2\u2010Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.5975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201012494\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010021\u201000506\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399\u20100039.2004.00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419\u2010025\u201008007\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abk0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041395"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cellular Activation Without Proliferation to B Cell Growth Factor and Interleukin 2 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia B Cells Stimulated With Phorbol Ester Plus Calcium Ionophore","volume":"76","author":"Engel P.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(02)00437\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Hulsen T.2022. \u201cDeepVenn\u2014A Web Application for the Creation of Area\u2010Proportional Venn Diagrams Using the Deep Learning Framework Tensorflow.js.\u201d ArXiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2210.04597."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.7.2951","article-title":"Activation and Proliferation of Follicular Dendritic Cell\u2010Like Cells by Activated T Lymphocytes","volume":"153","author":"Kim H. 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