{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:33:21Z","timestamp":1784943201738,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>A better understanding of the factors affecting client engagement in hospital\u2010based violence intervention programs (HVIPs), and which types of client needs prove most challenging to achieve, may be of key importance in developing novel, targeted strategies to violence intervention. In this study, we examined the demographics and injury characteristics of violently injured patients by their level of engagement with the Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP) and determined the degree of client goal achievement through VIAP client services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study was performed using a cohort of patients presenting to the Boston Medical Center emergency department for a violent penetrating injury due to community violence between 2013 and 2018. Data on client demographics, injury characteristics, and client needs were collected from the VIAP data repository. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals to assess the difference in hazards of client goal achievement by need type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 2,243 victims of violent injury, 839 (37.4%) patients engaged with VIAP. Significant predictors of client engagement include younger age, Black race, permanent home, existing mental health diagnosis, gunshot wound, and more severe injuries. Conversely, older age, homelessness, substance use, stab wound, and less severe injuries predicted refusal of VIAP services. For clients who chose to engage with VIAP, needs related to education (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.47, 95% CI\u00a0= 0.38 to 0.58), employment (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.66, 95% CI\u00a0= 0.57 to 0.77), and housing (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.76, 95% CI\u00a0= 0.68 to 0.86) were significantly less likely to be achieved compared to basic needs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates that VIAP is effectively engaging the client population that HVIPs have been designed to support. HVIPs should consider novel strategies to engage vulnerable populations not typically targeted by intervention programs. These results speak to the difficulties of program attrition and the complexities of altering the life course for victims of violence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T02:20:00Z","timestamp":1603851600000},"page":"281-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program: Challenges and Opportunities for Client Engagement and Goal Achievement"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Emergency Medicine Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP) Boston Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8262-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Fontin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Emergency Medicine Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP) Boston Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thea L.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Emergency Medicine Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP) Boston Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Dugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Emergency Medicine Boston Violence Intervention Advocacy Program (VIAP) Boston Medical Center Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Health of Boston 2016\u20132017","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia","volume":"2018","author":"Jacoby SF","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.5752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"City of Boston National Forum on Youth Violence Prevention Plan","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.08.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.InjuryPrevention & Control: Data & Statistics (WISQ\u2010ARSTM). 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