{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:31:17Z","timestamp":1782444677179,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Previous studies, including those employing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI<\/jats:styled-content>), have revealed significant disturbances in the white matter of individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD<\/jats:styled-content>). Both macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities have been observed across levels of FASD<\/jats:styled-content> severity. Emerging evidence suggests that these white matter abnormalities are associated with functional deficits. This study used resting\u2010state functional MRI<\/jats:styled-content> (fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) to evaluate the status of network functional connectivity in children with FASD<\/jats:styled-content> compared with control subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Participants included 24 children with FASD<\/jats:styled-content>, ages 10 to 17, and 31 matched controls. Neurocognitive tests were administered including W<\/jats:styled-content>echsler I<\/jats:styled-content>ntelligence S<\/jats:styled-content>cales, C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia V<\/jats:styled-content>erbal L<\/jats:styled-content>earning T<\/jats:styled-content>est (CVLT<\/jats:styled-content>), and B<\/jats:styled-content>ehavior R<\/jats:styled-content>ating I<\/jats:styled-content>nventory of E<\/jats:styled-content>xecutive F<\/jats:styled-content>unctioning. High\u2010resolution anatomical MRI<\/jats:styled-content> data and 6\u2010minute resting\u2010state fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> data were collected. The resting\u2010state fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> data were subjected to a graph theory analysis, and 4 global measures of cortical network connectivity were computed: characteristic path length, mean clustering coefficient, local efficiency, and global efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Results revealed significantly altered network connectivity in those with FASD<\/jats:styled-content>. The characteristic path length was 3.1% higher (p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04, Cohen's d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.47), and global efficiency was 1.9% lower (p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04, d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.63) in children with FASD<\/jats:styled-content> compared with controls, suggesting decreased network capacity that may have implications for integrative cognitive functioning. Global efficiency was significantly positively correlated with cortical thickness in frontal (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.38, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005), temporal (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.28, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.043), and parietal (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.36, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008) regions. No relationship between facial dysmorphology and functional connectivity was observed. Exploratory correlations suggested that global efficiency and characteristic path length are associated with capacity for immediate verbal memory on the CVLT<\/jats:styled-content> (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.41, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05 and r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.41, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01, respectively) among those with FASD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Resting\u2010state functional connectivity measures provide new insight into the integrity of brain networks in clinical populations such as FASD<\/jats:styled-content>. Results demonstrate that children with FASD<\/jats:styled-content> have alterations in core components of network function and that these aspects of brain integrity are related to measures of structure and cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T15:47:59Z","timestamp":1355500079000},"page":"748-756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Global Functional Connectivity Abnormalities in Children with F<\/scp>etal A<\/scp>lcohol S<\/scp>pectrum D<\/scp>isorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryon A.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Muetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Hoecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Boys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin O.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.4.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406293182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2575"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test Manual. 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