{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:27:54Z","timestamp":1793050074693,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were determined in this fourth study of first\u2010grade children in a\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n outh\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n frican community.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Active case ascertainment methods were employed among 747 first\u2010grade pupils. The detailed characteristics of children within the continuum of\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n are contrasted with randomly selected, normal controls on (i) physical growth and dysmorphology; (ii) cognitive\/behavioral characteristics; and (iii) maternal risk factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The rates of specific diagnoses within the\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n spectrum continue to be among the highest reported in any community in the world. The prevalence (per 1,000) is as follows: fetal alcohol syndrome (\n FAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u201459.3 to 91.0; partial fetal alcohol syndrome (\n PFAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u201445.3 to 69.6; and alcohol\u2010related neurodevelopmental disorder (\n ARND<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u201430.5 to 46.8. The overall rate of\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n is therefore 135.1 to 207.5 per 1,000 (or 13.6 to 20.9%). Clinical profiles of the physical and cognitive\/behavioral traits of children with a specific\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnosis and controls are provided for understanding the full spectrum of\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in a community. The spectral effect is evident in the characteristics of the diagnostic groups and summarized by the total (mean) dysmorphology scores of the children:\n FAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a018.9;\n PFAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a014.3;\n ARND<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0=\u00a012.2; and normal controls, alcohol exposed\u00a0=\u00a08.2 and unexposed\u00a0=\u00a07.1. Documented drinking during pregnancy is significantly correlated with verbal (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.253) and nonverbal ability (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.265), negative behaviors (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.203), and total dysmorphology score (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.431). Other measures of drinking during pregnancy are significantly associated with\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , including binge drinking as low as 3 drinks per episode on 2\u00a0days of the week.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n High rates of specific diagnoses within\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n were well documented in this new cohort of children.\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n persists in this community. The data reflect an increased ability to provide accurate and discriminating diagnoses throughout the continuum of\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1355482156000},"page":"818-830","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Approaching the Prevalence of the Full Spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a\n S<\/scp>\n outh\n A<\/scp>\n frican Population\u2010Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Philip A.","family":"May","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kannapolis North Carolina"},{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico (UNM) Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Blankenship","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico (UNM) Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Susan","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Phillip","family":"Gossage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico (UNM) Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy O.","family":"Kalberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico (UNM) Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronel","family":"Barnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luther K.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Adnams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico (UNM) Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University Palo Alto California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dysmorphology\/Teratology, Medical Center University of California\u2010San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg South Africa"},{"name":"Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit Medical Research Council of South Africa Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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