{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:13:39Z","timestamp":1781770419494,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Accurate confirmation of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE<\/jats:styled-content>) is required as a diagnostic criterion for the majority of children adversely affected by PAE<\/jats:styled-content> who do not manifest the physical features associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. A number of ethanol biomarkers have been used to assess PAE<\/jats:styled-content>, often with suboptimal results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and cost of PAE<\/jats:styled-content> screening in newborns by measuring phosphatidylethanol (PE<\/jats:styled-content>th) in dried blood spot (DBS<\/jats:styled-content>) cards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The feasibility of collecting an additional DBS<\/jats:styled-content> card during routine newborn screening and the background prevalence of PAE<\/jats:styled-content> were evaluated in a de\u2010identified sample of newborn children delivered at the University of New Mexico Hospital. Electronic orders to collect DBS<\/jats:styled-content> cards from newborns who continue to bleed after the routine newborn screen, glucose, or hematocrit testing were initiated for all infants delivered during a 4\u2010week time frame. Specimens were sent to a contract laboratory for PE<\/jats:styled-content>th analysis by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. A cost analysis was conducted to compare the cost of PAE<\/jats:styled-content> screening by PE<\/jats:styled-content>th in DBS<\/jats:styled-content> versus PE<\/jats:styled-content>th in conventional blood specimens and by meconium fatty acid ethyl esters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>From 230 collected cards, 201 (87.4%) had at least 1 full blood spot (amount sufficient for PE<\/jats:styled-content>th analysis), and 6.5% had PE<\/jats:styled-content>th >20\u00a0ng\/ml indicative of potential PAE<\/jats:styled-content> in late pregnancy. PAE<\/jats:styled-content> screening by PE<\/jats:styled-content>th in DBS<\/jats:styled-content> is logistically simpler and less expensive compared with 2 other screening approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>These results indicate that screening for PAE<\/jats:styled-content> in DBS<\/jats:styled-content> cards is a feasible procedure and that a majority of infants have enough blood after the routine heel prick to fill an additional card. Moreover, screening by PE<\/jats:styled-content>th analysis from DBS<\/jats:styled-content> cards is cost\u2010efficient. The acceptability of such screening by parents and corresponding ethical issues remain to be investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T22:45:38Z","timestamp":1361313938000},"page":"1008-1015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Feasibility and Cost of Neonatal Screening for Prenatal Alcohol Exposure by Measuring Phosphatidylethanol in Dried Blood Spots"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Ludmila N.","family":"Bakhireva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate D.","family":"Savich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis W.","family":"Raisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Annett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Leeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahek","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.358"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318192499b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-006-0093-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000145687.41646.E5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.5.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"43A","article-title":"Validity and feasibility of neonatal screening for prenatal alcohol exposure by measuring phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spots of a newborn","volume":"36","author":"Bakhireva L","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"529","article-title":"Alcohol use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age \u2013 United States, 1991\u20132005","volume":"58","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Blood Collection on Filter Paper for Newborn Screening Programs; 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