{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:41:02Z","timestamp":1780537262799,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wernicke's encephalopathy\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>orsakoff syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KS<\/jats:styled-content>) is common in alcoholics, caused by thiamine deficiency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>; vitamin<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>1) and associated with lesions to the thalamus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>). Although<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>alone can cause<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WE<\/jats:styled-content>, the high incidence in alcoholism suggests that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>and ethanol (EtOH) interact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice in control,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>, or EtOH groups alone or combined were studied after 5 or 10\u00a0days of treatment. THAL and entorhinal cortex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ENT<\/jats:styled-content>) histochemistry and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combined EtOH\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>treatment for 5\u00a0days (Et<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>5) showed activated microglia, proinflammatory gene induction and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>neurodegeneration that was greater than that found with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>alone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>5), whereas 10\u00a0days resulted in marked<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>degeneration and microglial\u2010neuroimmune activation in both groups. In contrast, 10\u00a0days of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>did not cause<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ENT<\/jats:styled-content>degeneration. Interestingly, in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ENT<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>10 activated microglia and astrocytes more than Et<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>10. In<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>, multiple astrocytic markers were lost consistent with glial cell loss.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>blocks glucose metabolism more than acetate. Acetate derived from hepatic EtOH metabolism is transported by monocarboxylic acid transporters (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCT<\/jats:styled-content>) into both neurons and astrocytes that use acetyl\u2010CoA synthetase (AcCo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>) to generate cellular energy from acetate.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCT<\/jats:styled-content>and AcCo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>expression in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>is lower than<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ENT<\/jats:styled-content>prompting the hypothesis that focal<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>degeneration is related to insufficient<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCT<\/jats:styled-content>and AcCo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>. To test this hypothesis, we administered glycerin triacetate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTA<\/jats:styled-content>) to increase blood acetate and found it protected the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>from<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that Et<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>potentiates<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>degeneration through neuroimmune gene induction. The findings support the hypothesis that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>deficiency inhibits global glucose metabolism and that a reduced ability to process acetate for cellular energy results in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THAL<\/jats:styled-content>focal degeneration in alcoholics contributing to the high incidence of Wernicke\u2010Korsakoff syndrome in alcoholism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,14]],"date-time":"2013-10-14T11:54:36Z","timestamp":1381751676000},"page":"657-671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Focal Thalamic Degeneration from Ethanol and Thiamine Deficiency is Associated with Neuroimmune Gene Induction, Microglial Activation, and Lack of Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Liya","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowles Center for Alcohol 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