{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T22:47:54Z","timestamp":1757544474473,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>) are associated with adaptive behavior deficits. This study examined the interaction between these 2 factors on parent ratings of adaptive behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>As part of a multisite study, primary caregivers of 317 children (8 to 16\u00a0years, M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012.38) completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales\u2010Second Edition (VABS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content>). Four groups of subjects were included: children with prenatal alcohol exposure with ADHD (AE<\/jats:styled-content>+, n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>82), children with prenatal alcohol exposure without ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> (AE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2212, n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>34), children with ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> (ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>, n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>71), and control children (CON<\/jats:styled-content>, n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>130). VABS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> domain scores (Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization) were examined using separate 2 (Alcohol Exposure [AE<\/jats:styled-content>])\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 (ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis) between\u2010subjects analyses of covariance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were significant main effects of AE<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) on all VABS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> domains; alcohol\u2010exposed children had lower scores than children without prenatal alcohol exposure and children with ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> had lower scores than those without ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>. There was a significant AE<\/jats:styled-content> \u00d7 ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> interaction effect for Communication, F<\/jats:italic>(1, 308)\u00a0=\u00a07.49, p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.007, partial \u03b7<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.024, but not Daily Living Skills or Socialization domains (p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0>\u00a00.27). Follow\u2010up analyses in the Communication domain indicated the effects of ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> were stronger in comparison subjects (ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> vs. CON<\/jats:styled-content>) than exposed subjects (AE<\/jats:styled-content>+ vs. AE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2212), and the effects of alcohol exposure were stronger in subjects without ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> (AE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2212 vs. CON<\/jats:styled-content>) than in subjects with ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> (AE<\/jats:styled-content>+ vs. ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>As found previously, both prenatal alcohol exposure and ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> increase adaptive behavior deficits in all domains. However, these 2 factors interact to cause the greatest impairment in children with both prenatal alcohol exposure and ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> for communication abilities. These results further demonstrate the deleterious effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and broaden our understanding of how ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> exacerbates behavioral outcomes in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T16:23:39Z","timestamp":1395419019000},"page":"1439-1447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder on Adaptive Functioning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Ware","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Crocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Deweese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire D.","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences and Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences and Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute Kannapolis North Carolina"},{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy O.","family":"Kalberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Sowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory Department of Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Families Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of California, San Diego San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward P.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"},{"name":"Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"},{"name":"Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego 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