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Current research has turned its focus on reward pathways associated with intrinsic necessities, such as feeding. Theories suggest that drugs of abuse seize control of natural reward pathways and dysregulate normal function, leading to chronic addiction. One such pathway involving the hunger stimulating peptide, ghrelin, is the focus of our study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male C57BL\/6J mice were randomly assigned to groups and treated with vehicle or a ghrelin antagonist, either [D\u2010Lys<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>]\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DL<\/jats:styled-content>ys) or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959. Three experiments tested ghrelin antagonism using different doses; experiment 1 tested 12\u00a0mg\/kg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959; experiment 2 tested 15\u00a0mg\/kg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DL<\/jats:styled-content>ys; experiment 3 tested 9\u00a0mg\/kg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959. Using a 2\u2010bottle choice 24\u2010hour access paradigm, data were collected for ethanol intake, preference, water intake, and food intake at 4 and 24\u00a0hours after injection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiment 1 showed that 12\u00a0mg\/kg of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959 decreased ethanol, water, and food intake, without affecting preference. Experiment 2 showed that 15\u00a0mg\/kg of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DL<\/jats:styled-content>ys decreased ethanol intake, preference, and water intake only on the first day of treatment. Experiment 3 showed that 9\u00a0mg\/kg of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959 decreased only ethanol and food intake. No change was seen during deprivation, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959 was still effective at reducing ethanol intake upon reintroduction. Despite the change in food intake, there were no differences in body weight throughout the experiments. It should be noted that the majority of significant effects were only found 4\u00a0hours postinjection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that compounds that block ghrelin receptor activity are effective at decreasing ethanol intake. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DL<\/jats:styled-content>ys was only effective at reducing intake and preference on the first day, suggesting a quick tolerance and selectivity for ethanol. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JMV<\/jats:styled-content>2959 consistently reduced ethanol intake, but at the higher dose also reduced all other consummatory behaviors. Thus, ghrelin antagonists provide a viable potential for treatment of alcohol abuse disorders, but further research is needed to determine an appropriate dose and administration paradigm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T20:11:30Z","timestamp":1411589490000},"page":"2436-2444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["The Effects of Ghrelin Antagonists [<scp>D<\/scp>\u2010<scp>L<\/scp>ys<sup>3<\/sup>]\u2010<scp>GHRP<\/scp>\u20106 or <scp>JMV<\/scp>2959 on Ethanol, Water, and Food Intake in C57BL\/6J Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Juan L.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey E.","family":"Ryabinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01905"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800.2012.662662"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/100.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426598"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1907-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812809106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9209-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000191753.82554.7e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1355-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0704550"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35051587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"NCBI \u2013 Gene 2693 (Database Online)","author":"National Center for Biotechnology Information","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"The past and future of research on treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"33","author":"Spoth M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3466-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00810.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(87)90108-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Alcohol Fact Sheet [WHO Web site]. 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