{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:42:56Z","timestamp":1787013776487,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AA017173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA017173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05AA014715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05AA014715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AA020000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AA020000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The goal of the current study was to use tree\u2010based methods (\n Z<\/jats:styled-content>\n hang and\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n inger, 2010,\n Recursive Partitioning and Applications<\/jats:italic>\n , 2nd ed.\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n pringer,\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n ew\n Y<\/jats:styled-content>\n ork) to identify predictors of abstinence from heavy drinking in\n COMBINE<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n nton et\u00a0al.\n JAMA<\/jats:italic>\n 2006; 295:2003), the largest study of pharmacotherapy for alcoholism in the\n U<\/jats:styled-content>\n nited\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n tates to date, and to validate these results in\n PREDICT<\/jats:styled-content>\n (Mann et\u00a0al.\n Addict Biol<\/jats:italic>\n 2012; 18:937), a parallel study conducted in\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ermany.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We compared a classification tree constructed according to purely statistical criteria to a tree constructed according to a combination of statistical criteria and clinical considerations for prediction of no heavy drinking during treatment in\n COMBINE<\/jats:styled-content>\n . We considered over 100 baseline predictors. The tree approach was compared to logistic regression. The trees and a deterministic forest identified the most important predictors of no heavy drinking for direct testing in\n PREDICT<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The tree built using both clinical and statistical considerations consisted of 4 splits based on consecutive days of abstinence (\n CDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) prior to randomization, age, family history of alcoholism, and confidence to resist drinking in response to withdrawal and urges. The tree based on statistical considerations with 4 splits also split on\n CDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n and age but also on gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase level and drinking goal. Deterministic forest identified\n CDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n , age, and drinking goal as the most important predictors. Backward elimination logistic regression among the top 18 predictors identified in the deterministic forest analyses identified only age and\n CDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n as significant main effects. Longer\n CDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n and goal of complete abstinence were associated with better outcomes in both data sets.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The most reliable predictors of abstinence from heavy drinking were\n CDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n and drinking goal. Trees provide binary decision rules and straightforward graphical representations for identification of subgroups based on response and may be easier to implement in clinical settings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T06:12:18Z","timestamp":1414649538000},"page":"2647-2656","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Predictors of Abstinence from Heavy Drinking During Treatment in\n COMBINE<\/scp>\n and External Validation in\n PREDICT<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ralitza","family":"Gueorguieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Weisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research Oakland California"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California at San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Fucito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"1984 Chapman & Hall\/CRC Wadsworth CA L Breiman JH Friedman RA Olshen CJ Stone Classification and Regression Trees"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01290.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2011.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2986296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10543406.2013.856024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00884.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"2004 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda MD WR Miller Combined Behavioral Intervention Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating People With Alcohol Abuse and Dependence"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"1973 Survey Research Center Institute for Social Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor JN Morgan RC Messenger THAID a Sequential Analysis Program for Analysis of Nominal Scale Dependent Variables"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500855"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"2004 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda MD HM Pettinati RD Weiss WR Miller DM Donovan DB Ernst BJ Rounsaville Medical Management (MM) Treatment Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Medically Trained Clinicians Providing Pharmacotherapy as Part of the Treatment for Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1997.58.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"2010 SAS Institute Inc Cary NC SAS Institute SAS Institute Inc 2009 Using JMP 9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.455","article-title":"What is a drinking episode?","volume":"61","author":"Stout RL","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/IJAMH.2006.18.1.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6824-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-130"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0230559100"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Facer.12541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.12541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T18:34:38Z","timestamp":1696358078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.12541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.12541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.12541","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}}}