{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:42:19Z","timestamp":1784803339071,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIAAA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AA08082 and AA01829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA08082 and AA01829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal exposures to alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs of abuse are associated with numerous adverse consequences for affected offspring, including increased risk for substance use and abuse. However, maternal substance use during pregnancy appears to occur more often in those with a family history of alcohol dependence. Utilizing a sample that is enriched for familial alcohol dependence and includes controls selected for virtual absence of familial alcohol dependence could provide important information on the relative contribution of familial risk and prenatal exposures to offspring substance use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of multigenerational families specifically ascertained to be at either high or low risk for developing alcohol dependence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>) provided biological offspring for a longitudinal prospective study. High\u2010risk families were selected based on the presence of 2 alcohol\u2010dependent sisters. Low\u2010risk families were selected on the basis of minimal first and second\u2010degree relatives with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>. High\u2010risk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a099) and Low\u2010risk offspring (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a0110) were assessed annually during childhood and biennially in young adulthood regarding their alcohol, drug, and cigarette use. At the first childhood visit, mothers were interviewed concerning their prenatal use of substances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010risk mothers were more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs during pregnancy than low\u2010risk control mothers, and to consume these substances in greater quantities. Across the sample, prenatal exposure to alcohol was associated with increased risk for both offspring cigarette use and substance use disorders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>), and prenatal cigarette exposure was associated with increased risk for offspring cigarette use. Controlling for risk status by examining patterns within the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content> sample, prenatal cigarette exposure remained a specific predictor of offspring cigarette use, and prenatal alcohol exposure was specifically associated with increased risk for offspring <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with a family history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content> are at increased risk for substance use during pregnancy. Both familial loading for alcohol dependence and prenatal exposure to alcohol or cigarettes are important risk factors in the development of offspring substance use. An inadequate assessment of family history may obscure important interactions between familial risk and prenatal exposures on offspring outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T11:25:29Z","timestamp":1421148329000},"page":"2952-2961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Effects of Prenatal Alcohol and Cigarette Exposure on Offspring Substance Use in Multiplex, Alcohol\u2010Dependent Families"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jessica W.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry  School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Psychology  University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley Y.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry  School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Psychology  University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7233243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. text rev. 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