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Micronutrient deficiencies are common in pregnancies of alcohol\u2010abusing women. Here we show the most common micronutrient deficiency of pregnancy\u2014iron deficiency without anemia\u2014significantly worsens neurocognitive outcomes following perinatal alcohol exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Pregnant rats were fed iron\u2010deficient (ID<\/jats:styled-content>) or iron\u2010sufficient diets from gestational day 13 to postnatal day (P<\/jats:styled-content>) 7. Pups received alcohol (0, 3.5, 5.0\u00a0g\/kg) from P<\/jats:styled-content> 4 to P<\/jats:styled-content> 9, targeting the brain growth spurt. At P<\/jats:styled-content> 32, learning was assessed using delay or trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC<\/jats:styled-content>). Cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IPN<\/jats:styled-content>) and hippocampal CA<\/jats:styled-content>1 cellularity was quantified using unbiased stereology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Global analysis of variance revealed that ID<\/jats:styled-content> and alcohol separately and significantly reduced ECC<\/jats:styled-content> learning with respect to amplitude (p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0\u2264\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and conditioned response [CR] percentage (p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0\u2264\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). Iron and alcohol interacted to reduce CR<\/jats:styled-content> percentage in the trace ECC<\/jats:styled-content> task (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.013). Both ID<\/jats:styled-content> and alcohol significantly reduced IPN<\/jats:styled-content> (p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.001) and CA<\/jats:styled-content>1 cellularity (p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.005). CR<\/jats:styled-content> amplitude correlated with IPN<\/jats:styled-content> cellularity (delay: r<\/jats:italic> = 0.871, trace: r<\/jats:italic> = 0.703, p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.001) and CA<\/jats:styled-content>1 cellularity (delay: r<\/jats:italic> = 0.792, trace: r<\/jats:italic> = 0.846, p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.001) across both tasks. The learning impairments persisted even though the offsprings' iron status had normalized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Supporting our previous work, gestational ID<\/jats:styled-content> exacerbates the associative learning deficits in this rat model of FASD<\/jats:styled-content>. This is strongly associated with cellular reductions within the ECC<\/jats:styled-content> neurocircuitry. Significant learning impairments in FASD<\/jats:styled-content> could be the consequence, in part, of pregnancies in which the mother was also iron inadequate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T12:01:29Z","timestamp":1443096089000},"page":"2097-2107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Maternal Iron Deficiency Worsens the Associative Learning Deficits and Hippocampal and Cerebellar Losses in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Shane M.","family":"Huebner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuan D.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Multidisciplinary Studies Program in Neuroscience 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