{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:42:14Z","timestamp":1789875734315,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA018631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA018631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AA020776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AA020776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 AA022586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AA022586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24AA020778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24AA020778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24AA020779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24AA020779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK026743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK026743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol use may accelerate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> disease progression, but the plausible biological mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive persons who were not on antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) completed the baseline assessment for a longitudinal study examining the association of alcohol use with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> disease markers. Oversampling drinkers, baseline samples were tested for markers of monocyte activation (soluble CD14 [sCD14]), inflammation (interleukin\u20106 [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106]\u20106), and coagulation (<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer). We defined \u201cunhealthy alcohol use\u201d as testing positive using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test\u2014Consumption (\u22653 for women and \u22654 for men) in the past 3\u00a0months or testing positive using a biomarker of heavy drinking, phosphatidylethanol (\u226550\u00a0ng\/ml). Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations of unhealthy alcohol use with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sCD<\/jats:styled-content>14, log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, and <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to those who were abstinent from alcohol, unhealthy drinkers had significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sCD<\/jats:styled-content>14 levels (mean\u00a0=\u00a01,676 vs. 1,387\u00a0ng\/ml; mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)]\u00a0=\u00a0289 [83, 495], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). In analyses adjusted for demographic factors, current cigarette smoking, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> disease markers, unhealthy drinkers continued to display significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sCD<\/jats:styled-content>14 levels compared to those who were abstinent from alcohol (adjusted mean\u00a0=\u00a01,670 vs. 1,406\u00a0ng\/ml; adjusted mean difference [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>]\u00a0=\u00a0264 [47, 480], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02). Unhealthy alcohol use was not significantly associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 or <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unhealthy alcohol use was independently associated with a marker of monocyte activation (i.e., higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sCD<\/jats:styled-content>14) that predicts mortality in treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. Longitudinal research should examine whether unhealthy alcohol use predicts changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sCD<\/jats:styled-content>14 prior to and following <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T12:48:54Z","timestamp":1446036534000},"page":"2422-2426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Unhealthy Alcohol Use is Associated with Monocyte Activation Prior to Starting Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Carrico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Systems San Francisco School of Nursing University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS San\u00a0Francisco General Hospital University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nneka I.","family":"Emenyonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS San\u00a0Francisco General Hospital University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Muyindike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ngabirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie M.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Samet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"School of Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS San\u00a0Francisco General Hospital University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318278f3fa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a61ea9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c6c4b7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01669.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318267c0f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0060-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-011-0088-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"L Hao DQ Naiman 2007 Sage Publications Thousand Oaks CA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b18b6e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ay00636j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0041-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283471d10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit056"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Facer.12908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.12908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T15:55:46Z","timestamp":1696521346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.12908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.12908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.12908","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]}}}