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Gepts"},{"name":"Ghent University Multidisciplinary Research Partnership"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>The application of accelerated high\u2010frequency (HF<\/jats:styled-content>) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS<\/jats:styled-content>) could be a potential treatment option for alcohol\u2010dependent patients and may result in a faster clinical response. In this open\u2010label HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> feasibility study, we wanted to replicate previous findings of baseline brain activation as a predictor of relapse, and to evaluate how this intervention influences the relapse neurocircuit of \u201ctreatment\u2010seeking\u201d alcohol\u2010dependent patients, by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) cue\u2010exposure paradigms. Because relapsing patients have a diminished resilience of the emotion regulation\/cognitive control system, before HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, we expected lower neuronal activation of especially the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC<\/jats:styled-content>) during the presentation of alcohol\u2010related cues in these patients. The relapse neurocircuit should be modified after accelerated HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, only in those patients who did not relapse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>After being administered a single sham\u2010controlled HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> session (20\u00a0Hz to 110% motor threshold), 19 alcohol\u2010dependent patients received an accelerated HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> protocol, consisting of 14 right dorsolateral prefrontal cortical sessions spread over 3\u00a0days. Before and after stimulation, during fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> patients were confronted with a block and an event\u2010related alcoholic cue\u2010exposure paradigm. Relapse was defined as the consumption of any amount of alcohol within 4\u00a0weeks after the stimulation. A region of interest analysis was performed to evaluate how HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> exerts its effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>After 4\u00a0weeks, 13 of 19 patients had already consumed alcohol. When abstainers were compared to patients who had relapsed, we found higher dorsal ACC (dACC<\/jats:styled-content>) activation at baseline, but only during the blocked cue\u2010exposure paradigm. The effects of HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> on dACC<\/jats:styled-content> blood oxygen level\u2010dependent response were negatively correlated with the baseline dACC<\/jats:styled-content> activation. Due to susceptibility artifacts located at the ventral cortical aspects in 6 of our participants, reliable data were only obtained for the ACC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Our data indicate that higher baseline dACC<\/jats:styled-content> activation may serve as a protective mechanism regarding relapse. For the first time, it is demonstrated that accelerated HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment influences dACC<\/jats:styled-content> activation in a rate\u2010dependent manner: the lower the baseline dACC<\/jats:styled-content> activation, the more dACC<\/jats:styled-content> activity was increased after HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]],"date-time":"2016-01-04T23:52:29Z","timestamp":1451951549000},"page":"196-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Accelerated HF<\/scp>\u2010rTMS<\/scp> Protocol has a Rate\u2010Dependent Effect on dACC<\/scp> Activation in Alcohol\u2010Dependent Patients: An Open\u2010Label Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Herremans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"De Raedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Van Schuerbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Marinazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Analysis Faculty of Psychology and Physiological Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frieda","family":"Matthys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"De Mey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Baeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3280fa837d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/815215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614528162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic opportunities for self\u2010control repair in addiction and related disorders. 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